• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.631-634
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• 2006

Soy protein isolate (SPI) films were supplemented with cinnamaldehyde (CA) at concentrations of 0.1-0.5 mL/5 g SPI. The effects of CA on film color, tensile strength (TS), percent elongation at break (E, %) and water vapor permeability (WVP) of SPI films were investigated. Generally, total color difference (${\Delta}E$), WVP, and TS of SPI films increased gradually, while E and TSM decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the amount of cinnamaldehyde in the SPI films increased. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a potential cross-linking agent for preparing SPI films by improving mechanical strength and water resistant properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1994

In order to prepare SPI tofu without compression step, amounts of water added to SPI suspension was studied for textural properties of uncompressed SPI tofu prepared by first heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 6 minutes and second heating at $75^{\circ}C$ for 25 minutes and use of $CaSO_{4}-GDL$(0.07g, 0.0075 g/g SPI) as coagulants. The hardness and uniformity were gradually increased as the water addition ratio $(gH_{2}O/g\;SPI)$ raised from 6.0 to 8.0 and cohesiveness was rather decreased. The increase in second heating time increased the hardness and gumminess and relativity higher values in hardness were measured for those tofu heated at $85^{\circ}C$ than those at $75^{\circ}C$ or $95^{\circ}C$. A multiple regression equation calculated and RSM figure showed that the effects of water addition ratio was become to be less as the heating time and temperature increased. Addition of 8 g of water per g SPI and second heating at $85^{\circ}C$ for $30{\sim}60$ minutes were found as optimal conditions to prepare uncompressed SPI tofu.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.145-159
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• 2019

A good number of drought indices have been introduced and applied in different regions for monitoring drought conditions, but some of those are region-specific and have limitations for use under other climatic conditions because of the inherently complex characteristics of drought phenomenon. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) indices are widely used all over the world, including Bangladesh. Although newly developed, studies have demonstrated The Effective Drought Index (EDI) to perform better compared to SPIs in some areas. This research examined the performance of EDI to the SPI for detecting drought events throughout 35 years (1981 to 2015) in Bangladesh. Rainfall data from 27 meteorological stations across Bangladesh were used to calculate the EDI and SPI values. Results suggest that the EDI can detect historical records of actual events better than SPIs. Moreover, EDI is more efficient in assessing both short and long-term droughts than SPIs. Results also indicate that SPI3 and the EDI indices have a better capability of detecting drought events in Bangladesh compared to other SPIs; however, SPI1 produced erroneous estimates. Therefore, EDI is found to be more responsive to drought conditions and can capture the real essence of the drought situation in Bangladesh. Outcomes from this study bear policy implications on mitigation measures to minimize the loss of agricultural production in drought-prone areas. Information on severity level and persistence of drought conditions will be instrumental for resource managers to allocate scarce resources optimally.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.170-179
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the effects of addition of porcine blood plasma (PBP) to the emulsified pork batter as a substitute for the soy protein isolate (SPI) or sodium caseinate (SC) on the emulsion stability and physicochemical and textural properties of the emulsified pork batter. A total of 10 treatments were no addition and 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% addition with each of SPI, SC, and PBP. The moisture and fat losses of the pork emulsion after cooking decreased with increasing percentage of any of SPI, SC, and PBP (p < 0.05). Further, moisture loss was less for the PBP treatment than for SPI and SC (p < 0.05). The lightness, redness, and whiteness of the emulsified pork batter decreased (p < 0.05) due to any of the SPI, SC, and PBP treatments whereas the yellowness and the chroma and hue values increased. The lightness, redness, yellowness, and chroma and hue values differed also among the SPI, SC, and PBP treatments (p < 0.05); however, the numerical difference between any two types of substitutes was less than 8% of the two corresponding means in all of these variables. Textural properties, including the hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and adhesiveness, were not influenced by any of the SPI, SC, and PBP treatments (p > 0.05), except for greater gumminess and chewiness for the PBP treatment than for SC. The present results indicate that PBP is comparable or even superior to SPI or SC in its emulsion-stabilizing effect and therefore could be used a substitute for the latter as a non-protein ingredient of pork emulsion batter.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-53
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• 1985

Soy milks prepared from full-fat soy flour, defatted soy flow, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Effects of lactic fermentation on the flavor and volatile compounds of soy milks were investigated. Sensory evaluation showed that the flavor of soy yogurt beverages was inferior to that of milk yogurt beverage and the flavor of SPI-yogurt beverage was better than that of other soy yogurt beverages. SPI-milk fermented with L. acidophilus was more acceptable than unfermented SPI-milk. Lactic fermentation reduced n-hexanal in SPC-milk and SPI-milk while it increased diacetyl in both soy milks.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

Currently, the Korea Meteorological Administration evaluates the meteorological drought by region using SPI6(standardized precipitation index 6), which is a 6-month cumulative precipitation standard. However, SPI is an index calculated only in consideration of precipitation at 69 weather stations, and the drought phenomenon that appears for complex reasons cannot be accurately determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to calculate and compare SPI considering only precipitation and SDCI (Scaled Drought Condition Index) considering precipitation, vegetation index, and temperature in Gyeonggi. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the station data-based drought index and the satellite image-based drought index were identified by using results calculated through the comparison of SPI and SDCI. MODIS(MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite image data, ASOS(Automated Synoptic Observing System) data, and kriging were used to calculate SDCI. For the duration of precipitation, SDCI1, SDCI3, and SDCI6 were calculated by applying 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month respectively to the 8 points in 2014. As a result of calculating the SDCI, unlike the SPI, drought patterns began to appear about 2-month ago, and drought by city and county in Gyeonggi was well revealed. Through this, it was found that the combination of satellite image data and station data increased efficiency in the pattern of drought index change, and increased the possibility of drought prediction in wet areas along with existing dry areas.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2024

Soy protein isolate (SPI) has garnered researchers' attention due to its abundance, costeffectiveness, excellent biocompatibility, hemo-compatibility, and biodegradability. However, SPI faces limitations in application due to poor processability and weak mechanical strength. Substantial efforts have been made to address these challenges. In this preliminary study, glycerol and biofibers were added to SPI to improve the mechanical properties and film forming, and glyoxal was employed to crosslink SPI molecules. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting SPI/composite films were evaluated. A 15% addition of glycerol proved sufficient for good film formation. Among the biofibers, short SF microfibers were the most effective in enhancing breaking strength, while TEMPO-oxidized CNF (cellulose nanofiber) excelled among CNFs. Crosslinking with glyoxal significantly enhanced the mechanical properties, with the type of biofiber minimally affecting the mechanical properties of the crosslinked SPI composite films.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

This study analyzed the peak drought severity and drought duration of the Cheongmicheon watershed from 1985 to 2015 to assess the lag time of peak drought severity between several drought indices. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on precipitation and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) based on precipitation and evapotranspiration were applied as meteorological drought indices. Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) based on runoff data was applied as hydrological drought index. In case of SDI, we used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulation of daily runoff data. As a result, the time of peak drought severity of SDI occurred after the occurrence of SPI and SPEI. The lag time for the peak drought severity, on average, between SDI and SPI was 0.59 months while SDI and SPEI was 0.79 months. As compared with SDI, the maximum delay was 2 months for both SPI and SPEI. This study results also shows that even though the rainfall events were able to cope with meteorological droughts, they were not always available to solve the hydrological droughts in the same time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

In this study, the GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellitE retrievals for GPM) rainfall data was verified and evaluated using ground AWS (Automated Weather Station) and radar in order to investigate the availability of GPM IMERG rainfall data. The SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) was calculated based on the GPM IMERG data and also compared with the results obtained from the ground observation data for the Hoengseong Dam and Yongdam Dam areas. For the radar data, 1.5 km CAPPI rainfall data with a resolution of 10 km and 30 minutes was generated by applying the Z-R relationship ($Z=200R^{1.6}$) and used for accuracy verification. In order to calculate the SPI, PERSIANN_CDR and TRMM 3B42 were used for the period prior to the GPM IMERG data availability range. As a result of latency verification, it was confirmed that the performance is relatively higher than that of the early run mode in the late run mode. The GPM IMERG rainfall data has a high accuracy for 20 mm/h or more rainfall as a result of the comparison with the ground rainfall data. The analysis of the time scale of the SPI based on GPM IMERG and changes in normal annual precipitation adequately showed the effect of short term rainfall cases on local drought relief. In addition, the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient were 0.83, 0.914, 0.689 and 0.835, respectively, between the SPI based GPM IMERG and the ground observation data. Therefore, it can be used as a predictive factor through the time series prediction model. We confirmed the hydrological utilization and the possibility of real time drought monitoring using SPI based on GPM IMERG rainfall, even though results presented in this study were limited to some rainfall cases.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of spirulina (SPI) and asthaxanthin (AST) on growth performance and antioxidant activity in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in low temperature season. Total 180 fish ($27.8{\pm}0.3g$, average weight ${\pm}S.D.$) were randomly divided into 12 groups, and 3 groups were fed one of four isonitrogenous (52% CP) and isocaloric $(18.3\;MJ\;kg^{-1})$ diets containing no SPI and AST, 0.5% SPI, 0.5% AST, and 0.5% each SPI and AST (designated by diets Control, SPI, AST and SPI+AST, respectively). After 6 weeks of feeding trial, the growth performance, feed utilization, whole body composition and survival of fish were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase of fish fed all the experimental diets. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay indicated numerically increased antioxidant activity in liver of fish fed the SPI diet compared to that of fish fed the control diet, even though it was not significant. The present study shows that a low level (0.5%) of dietary supplementation of SPI and/or AST does not affect growth and feed utilization and intake of juvenile olive flounder in low temperature season.