• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2022

Purpose: We aimed to explore whether the prognosis of patients treated with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) or S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX) regimens who received fewer cycles of chemotherapy after D2 radical resection for gastric cancer (GC) would be non-inferior to that of patients who received the standard number of cycles of chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Data on patients who received XELOX or SOX chemotherapy after undergoing D2 radical resection at Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital between January 2011 and May 2016 were collected. Results: In patients who received 4, 6, and 8 cycles of chemotherapy, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 59.4%, 64.8%, and 62.7%, respectively. Compared to patients who received 4 cycles of chemotherapy, those who received 6 cycles (hazard ratio [HR], 0.882; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.599-1.299; P=0.52) or 8 cycles (HR, 0.882; 95% CI, 0.533-1.458; P=0.62) of chemotherapy did not exhibit significantly prolonged OS. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of patients who received 4, 6, and 8 cycles of chemotherapy was 62.1%, 67.2%, and 60.8%, respectively. Compared to patients who received 4 cycles of chemotherapy, those who received 6 cycles (HR, 0.835; 95% CI, 0.572-1.221; P=0.35) or 8 cycles (HR, 0.972; 95% CI, 0.606-1.558; P=0.91) of chemotherapy did not show significantly prolonged DFS. However, the 3-year DFS and 5-year OS rates of patients who received 6 cycles of chemotherapy appeared to be superior to those of patients who received 4 and 8 cycles of chemotherapy. Conclusions: For patients with stage III GC, 4 to 6 cycles of XELOX or SOX chemotherapy may be a favorable option. This study provides a rationale for further randomized clinical trials.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2023

According to the regulation on the pollution of the marine environment, SOx emission from ships has to be reduced. A SOx scrubbing system installed in a funnel of a ship is considered in order to reduce SOx emission. A scrubbing layer with a porous material is present in the funnel to increase the contact area between exhaust gas and water. In this study, experiments on the pressure drop characteristics in the scrubbing layer are conducted to investigate the effect of the scrubber on the engine load. The pressure drop according to flow rate of air instead of exhaust gas was measured for fillers such as sphere, pall ring and saddle in the scrubbing layer. First of all, porosity is experimentally measured for the three types of filler and it is confirmed that the porosity of the saddle-type filler was the largest. The pressure drop according to the change in air flow rate was measured for the three types of fillers in the scrubbing layer. As a result, the pressure drop was the smallest in the scrubbing layer with the saddle-type filler which has the largest porosity. In addition, the effect of spraying water flowing counter flow against air flow is experimentally examined. It is known that the pressure drop is increased because the air flow space is reduced when water is sprayed. In the case of the saddle, the pressure drop is about 1.5 to 2 times greater than that when only air flows at the optimum exhaust gas-water injection ratio.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.59.3-60
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• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2016

In this study, the anti-osteoarthritis effects of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas extract (CPAE), observed and confirmed in previously clinical studies were further investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Anabolic biomarkers related to healthy cartilage maintenance, such as aggrecan, type II collagen ${\alpha}$-1 (Col2a1), sex determining region Y-box-9 (Sox-9), and catabolic biomarkers related to osteoarthritis, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($Nf{\kappa}b$), were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assay. In vitro study results showed significant changes in both anabolic and catabolic biomarkers. For anabolic factors, significant changes in the level of aggrecan (P<0.05), Col2a1 (P<0.05), and Sox-9 (P<0.01) activation were shown after treatment of cartilage cells with CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to insulin growth factor, the positive control (100 ng/mL). For catabolic factors, significant changes in the inhibition activity of Cox-2 (P<0.05), Mmp13 (P<0.01), and $Nf{\kappa}b$ (P<0.05) were shown for CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to Celecoxib, the positive control ($10{\mu}M$). In the in vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema model study results showed that CPAE-treated groups (100 mg/kg) and Celecoxib-treated groups (60 mg/kg) showed comparably significant efficacy of inhibition by 37.1% and 52.1%, respectively. Furthermore, CPAE (200 mg/kg) showed similar effect to Celecoxib (60 mg/kg) with an inhibition rate of 54.3%. This result confirms that CPAE effectively inhibited the inflammation-induced osteoarthritis symptoms.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Destruction of HFC-134a from ELV (End of Life Vehicle) were determined in a gasification-melting demonstration system of municipal solid waste (100ton/day). The injection system has been developed for the uniform injection of HFC-134a to the gasification-melting system. The destruction characteristics of HFC-134a and analysis of exhaust gases have been performed. The destruction efficiency was 99.995% for HFC-134a feeding of 3 kg/hr and the exhaust gases such as CO, SOx, NOx, HCl and HF satisfied the environmental standards.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the emissions of the air pollutants from the automobile in Suwon city. To estimate emissions due to by automobile the data of express highway and the national road used an observation traffic volume, and the other roads used a method by Vehicle kilometer traveled(VKT). In the emissions due to by automobile from Suwon city, CO was highest 36,290.4 ton/year, NOx at 19,392.1 tons, HC 5,095.4 tons and PM 2,788.7 tons was highly order. SOx emissions in the whole Suwon city by fuel types was investigated with 178ton/year from the Diesel motorcar, 26.9 ton/year and 6.2 ton/year from the gasolines and LPG automobiles, respectively. VOC emissions from the automobile was investigated with 366.4 ton/year (29.22%) from Gwonseon-gu, 329.2 ton/year (26.25%) Yeongtong-gu, 319.9 ton/year (25.51%) Jangan-gu, 238.6 ton/year (19.03%) Paldal-gu.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.35-39
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• 1999

현재 NO제거에 주로 사용되는 환원제로서 NH$_3$가 있는데 이는 NO에 대한 선택도가 우수하기 때문이다. 그러나, NH$_3$는 독성이 강하고 부식성이 있어 저장 및 수송에 많은 비용이 든다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SOx/NOx 동시 제거 공정에 효과적으로 알려진 fresh and sulfated CuO/${\gamma}$-A1$_2$O$_3$촉매상에서 독성이 강한 NH$_3$를 대신하는 새로운 환원제로서 urea용액을 이용하여 유동층 반응기에서 SCR을 수행해 보고자 한다.(중략)

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the emissions characteristics of total particulate matter (TPM), fine dust (PM₁₀, PM_2.5), and gaseous pollutants (SOx, NOx) in iron and steel manufacturing facilities in order to investigate emissions factors suitable for domestic conditions. Methods: Total particulate matter (TPM), fine dust (PM₁₀, PM_2.5), and gas phase materials were investigated at the outlet of electric arc furnace facilities using a cyclone sampling machine and a gas analyzer. Results: The concentrations of TPM ranged from 1.64 to 3.14 mg/Sm³ and the average was 2.47 mg/Sm³. Particulate matter 10 (PM₁₀) averaged 1.49 mg/Sm³ with a range of 0.92 to 1.99 mg/Sm³, and the resulting ratio of PM₁₀ to TPM was around 60 percent. PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ranged from 33.7 to 47.9% and averaged 41.6%. Sulfur oxides (SOx) were not detected, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) averaged 6.8 ppm in the range of 5.50 to 8.67 ppm. TPM emission coefficients per product output were in the range of 0.60 to 1.26 g/kg, 0.13 to 0.79 g/kg for PM₁₀ and 0.12 to 0.36 g/kg for PM_2.5, and showed many differences from the emissions coefficients previously announced. An emissions coefficient for NOx is not currently included in the domestic notices, but the results were calculated to be 0.42 g/kg per product output. Conclusions: Investigation and research on emissions coefficients that can reflect the characteristics of various facilities in Korea should be conducted continuously, and the determination and application of unique emissions coefficients that are more suitable for domestic conditions are needed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.421-430
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• 2019

Background: The ginsenoside Rg3, one of active components of red ginseng, has chemopreventive and anticancer potential. Cancer stem cells retain self-renewal properties which account for cancer recurrence and resistance to anticancer therapy. In our present study, we investigated whether the standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) and Rg3 could modulate the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell-like features through regulation of self-renewal activity. Methods: The effects of RGE and Rg3 on the proportion of $CD44^{high}/CD24^{low}$ cells, as representative characteristics of stem-like breast cancer cells, were determined by flow cytometry. The mammosphere formation assay was performed to assess self-renewal capacities of breast cancer cells. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of MCF-7 mammospheres was measured by the ALDEFLUOR assay. The expression levels of Sox-2, Bmi-1, and P-Akt and the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible $factor-1{\alpha}$ in MCF-7 mammospheres were verified by immunoblot analysis. Results: Both RGE and Rg3 decreased the viability of breast cancer cells and significantly reduced the populations of $CD44^{high}/CD24^{low}$ in MDA-MB-231 cells. RGE and Rg3 treatment attenuated the expression of Sox-2 and Bmi-1 by inhibiting the nuclear localization of hypoxia inducible $factor-1{\alpha}$ in MCF-7 mammospheres. Suppression of the manifestation of breast cancer stem cell-like properties by Rg3 was mediated through the blockade of Akt-mediated self-renewal signaling. Conclusion: This study suggests that Rg3 has a therapeutic potential targeting breast cancer stem cells.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 1997

MARKAL model was applied for assessment of iron and steel technology for the year of 2032 considering cost and environmental effects based on 1992. Technology, energy and material flows were analyzed in iron and steel sector. Reference iron and steel system was designed according to this analysis. Six scenarios were developed considering cost and environmental limitations such as CO$_2$emission control and SOx reduction cost. Competitiveness of technologies in iron and steel sector was assessed under different environmental limitations with cost minimization. Through this study, it was confirmed that MARKAL model can be applied to technology assessment in the field of iron and steel industry.