• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

We investigated the pathogenesis of liver tissue damage during the lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis with the observation of correlations between the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) and lipid peroxidation in liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups, normal and $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. intoxicated group. And the one group was treated intragastrically with the mixture of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. 3 times per week for 3 weeks. The liver tissue and sera were used for the measurement of hydroxyproline (HYP), malonedialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total-bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Additionally, the expression of collagen ${\alpha}1$(III) and $\beta$-actin mRNA was observed by RTPCR. The histological change in liver tissue was also observed by Masson's trichrome and H&E staining. Correlation analysis was carried by Spearman's rho method. All biochemical parameters except total-bilirubin were significantly higher in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group (p < 0.01). In the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group, Hyp as a parameter of collagen synthesis (deposition) and MDA as a metabolite of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated by 1.98 and 2.11 times higher than that of the normal group (p < 0.001) respectively. The activity of SOD in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group is decreased significantly by 44.8% (p < 0.001). And collagen ${\alpha}1$(III) mRNA was more expressed in the $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated group than that of the normal group. However, the expression of $\beta$-actin mRNA is showed similar in both of groups. A good correlation was observed between the content of hyp and MDA concentration (r = 0.70, n = 40) in the two groups. And the correlation between the levels of hyp and SOD (r = -0.71, n = 25) is also reliable. However, no correlation were observed between MDA concentration and SOD (r = -0.40, n = 25) in the two groups. Elevated levels of MDA in $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. treated rats indicated enhancement of lipid peroxidation, which is accompanied by a decrease in SOD activity. Moreover, we could confirm that the parameters of collagen synthesis (and deposition) is in good correlation with the metabolite of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the lipid peroxidation antagonizing enzyme (SOD). Hence, we propose that (1) lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and deposition) could be enhanced by intragastrically application of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. during a short terms. And (2) the intoxication of $CCl_4$-thiopental sod. could be used for monitoring of lipid peroxidation and collagen synthesis (and deposition) for test of antioxidant and antifibrotic agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1020-1026
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• 1994

Pseudomonas plycolor was used to investigated the optimal culture condition to examine the various properties of superoxide dismutase (SOD). this SOD was inhibited by $H_2O_2$, azide ion, but not by cyanide ion. This result indicates that the enzyme might be a Fe-SOD. The composition of optimal culture medium for the enzyme production was 3% of glycerin, 1% of polypeptone, 0.5% of meat extract, 0.2% of KCI and the initial ph was 9.0 . The cultivation for the enzyme production was carried out in 500ml shaking flask containing 100ml of the optimal medium at $30^{\circ}C$ on a reciprocal shaker. The enzyme production reached maximum at 15hrs of cultivation and then declined sharply afterward.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2008

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective death of motor neurons. Mutations in the SOD1 gene are responsible for a familial form of ALS (FALS). Although many studies suggest that mutant SOD1 proteins are cytotoxic, the mechanism is not fully understood. To investigate the role of mutant SOD1 in FALS, human SOD1 genes were fused with a PEP-1 peptide in a bacterial expression vector to produce in-frame PEP-1-SOD fusion proteins (wild type and mutants). The expressed and purified PEP-1-SOD fusion proteins were efficiently transduced into neuronal cells. Neurones harboring the A4V, G93A, G85R, and D90A mutants of PEP-1-SOD were more vulnerable to oxidative stress induced by paraquat than those harboring wild-type proteins. Moreover, neurones harboring the mutant SOD proteins had lower heat shock protein (Hsp) expression levels than those harboring wild-type SOD. The effects of the transduced SOD1 fusion proteins may provide an explanation for the association of SOD1 with FALS, and Hsps could be candidate agents for the treatment of ALS.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.517-521
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• 2003

Superoxide dismutase which is metalloenzyme that decomposes superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Vitreoscilla has FeSOD. Expression of FeSOD to paraquat was largely constitutive. This suggests that the basal level of FeSOD is sufficient to provide protection against superoxide generated during normal aerobic metabolism. Induction of SOD by iron supports that insertion of the active site metal into the corresponding apoprotein. The effect of paraquat on induction by iron seemed that iron brought the synergism effect in SOD activity with paraquat. It suggests that the relief of growth inhibition is due to protection against the lethality of O$_2$afforded by the elevated SOD. There may be control of FeSOD activity posttranslationally. Posttranslation control of enzyme function is particularly feasible for a metalloenzyme, for which conversion of apo- to holoenzyme may be the rate-limiting or regulatory step.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 1990

Complementary DNA (cDNA) coding for human cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase E.C.1.15.1.1) was isolated from human liver cDNA library of $\lambda$gt11 by in situ plaque hybridization. The insery cDNA gas the 5' untranslational region (UTR) and 3'UTR of SOD1 gene. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method was used fro subcloning of SOD1 structural gene. Using synthetic sense strand primer (24mer) containing a start codon and antisense strand primer (24mer), SOD1 structural gene was selectively amplified. Amplified DNA was directly cloned into the HincII site of pUC19 plasmid. Insery cDNA was subcloned into M13 mp19 and sequenced by dideowy chain termination method with Sequenase. The nucleotide sequence of insert cDNA had an open reading frame (ORF) coding for 153 amino acid residues. The structural gene of cytoplasmic SOD was placed under the control of bacteriophage $\lambda P_{L}$ regulatory sequences, generating a highly efficient expression plasmid. The production of human SOD1 in E. coli cells was about 7% of total cellular proteins and recombinant human SOD1 possessed its own enzymatic acitivity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2007

Sphingomonas sp. KS 301, which was isolated from oil contaminated soil, was shown to have five different SODs (SODI, II, III, IV, V) which can be separated by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, and SOD III was finally purified in this study by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, Superose 12 gel filtration and Uno-Q1 ion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of SOD III was 23 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and the apparent molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be approximately 71 kDa by Superose-12 gel filtration chromatography. These data suggest that the purified SOD consists of at least two subunits. The specific activity of the SOD III was higher than Mn type or Fe type SOD of Escherichia coli by 5 fold. To determine the type of SOD III, inhibitory effects of $NaN_{3},\;H_{2}O_{2},\;KCN$ were examined. 10 mM $NaN_{3}$ was able to inhibit 56% of the SOD III activity, which indicates that this SOD is Mn type. The optimum pH of the SOD III was 7.0 and the optimum temperature was $20^{\circ}C$. N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified SOD III was most similar to those of Psudomonase ovalis and Vibrio cholerae among bacteria.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 1995

The objective of this research was to produce sod by box seeding for zoysiagrass or by vegetative propagation for zoysiagrass and manilagrass.1 Various ratio of peatmoss to sand(v /v) were prepared to find idea[ medium for fast and light weight sod production. Then, the days required for sod formation, the effect of growth regulators on the growth of turfgrass, and the various storage methods for winter keeping of sods were also investigated. 1.The mixed medium of sand and peatmoss(v /v, 1 : 2) showed more biomass production than that of sand. 2.In comparison of seeding rate of zoysiagrass, the amount of log /$m^2$ was most effective in the fast and dense sod formation. The amount of 20g /$m^2$ also showed fast sod formation. But, it resulted in weak plant and less tillering. During April to June, about 100 days were required to form sod with seeding rate of 5g /$m^2$ regardless of seeding time. Whereas 80 days were required to form sod in the rate log /$m^2$, which was 20 days shorter than that of 5g /$m^2$. 3.More than 85% of shoots in sod stored in field or plastic house during the winter time resumed the growth in good appearance after transplanting. The whole covering of ground with sod resulted in less weeds and faster formation of lawn. 4.Vegetative propagation of manilagrass showed about 7 to 15 days faster formation of sod than that of zoysiagrass. Application of GA increased shoot growth and BA increased the total number of tillering. However, the effects of the combined application of GA and BA were negligable.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2000

This study was carried to select the tolerance in rice varieites for ozone treatment through comparing SOD, POD and stomata resistance. In SOD Acivity, Sangnambatbyeo showed the highest activity on 1 hr after ozone treatment and after 24 hr, SOD activity was decreased. SOD activity of Hangangchalbyeo was not different in observed all times after ozone treatment. In POD activity, Hangangchalbyeo, Sangnambatbyeo and Ilpumbyeo were similar to POD activity but Baeknabyeo was the lowest activity on 1 hr after ozone treatment. Also, all varieties represnted the highest activity (above 90 %) an 24 hr after ozone treatment. In stomata resistance, Sangnambatbyeo was decreased stomata resistance on 1 hr after ozone treatment. Hangangchalbyeo, Sangnambatbyeo and Baekna were decreased stomata resistiance on 24 hr after ozone treatment except Ilpumbyeo.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

This study was conducted to make the utmost use of the good traits and to improve the poor traits of zoysiagrass through the production technology for mixed lines sod in addition to breeding. Mixed lines sod was produced by mixing broad or middle leaf line with narrow leaf line by volume, a ratio of 1 to 2. The mixed lines sod of zoysiagrass was superior to the single ling sod, which is used commonly, for the establishment rate, coverage rate, shoot density, texture, leaf color, dormancy period cnd color, and visual quality.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1994

Background: It is well known that oxygen free radicals(OFR) play a vital role in the various type of acute lung injury. Among various antioxidant defense mechanisms, the superoxide dismutases(SOD) are thought to be the first line of antioxidant defense by catalyzing the dismutation of two superoxide radicals to yield hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Eukaryotic cells contain two types of intracellular SOD : cytosolic, dimeric copper/zinc- containing enzyme(CuZnSOD) and mitochondrial, tetrameric manganese-containing enzyme(MnSOD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the time-dependent gene expression of MnSOD and CuZnSOD in the endotoxin-treated rats, and to compare with the manifestations of LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. Methods: Total RNA from rat lung was isolated using single step phenol extraction 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours after E. coli endotoxin injection(n=3, respectively). RNA was separated by formaldehyde-containing 1.2% agarose gels elctrophoresis, transblotted, baked, prehybridized, and hybridized with $^{32}P$-labeled cDNA probes for rat MnSOD and CuZnSOD, which were kindly donated by Dr. Ho(Duke University, Durham, NC, USA). The probes were labeled by nick translation. Blots were washed and autoradiography were quantitated using laser densitometry. Equivalent amounts of total RNA/gel were assessed by monitoring 28S and 18S rRNA. Results: Endotoxin caused a rise in steady-state MnSOD mRNA levels by 4h with peak mRNA accumulation by 6h. Continued MnSOD mRNA expression was observed at 12h. CuZnSOD mRNA expression was observed from 1h to 24h with peak levels by 18h. Conclusion: These results suggest that SOD palys an important defensive role in the endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats.