• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2005

We tested the hypothesis that alpine plants have special physiological and biochemical mechanisms in addition to their structural adaptation in order to survive under extreme conditions. The photosynthetic organs of Pinus pumila were used to examine the seasonal changes in sugar concentration, antioxidative enzyme, and lipid peroxidation. The concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose and reducing sugar were the highest in the leaves in April. But sugar contents in buds and inner barks did not respond sensitively on temperature change. Meanwhile superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity responded sensitively on the change of temperature and SOD in all tissues maintained high activity in April. Meanwhile anthocyanin content increased rapidly in June but the increase of anthocyanin content was not enough to prevent their tissues from the damage by the exposure of high temperature or other stress. In conclusion, under low temperature condition, P. pumila increased the concentration of soluble sugars and SOD activity in their tissues in order to overcome extreme environmental condition. But in summer, these stress defense system against high temperature might be disturbed slightly. This results in the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in three tissues by lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.672-677
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• 2008

In order to explore the anti-oxidization effect of oriental medicine and cereal medium(OCM) where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, measurement of hot water extract and UMPM(extraction method using ultra sonic waves, micro waves, micro bubble) extract, the total polyphenol content of crude polysaccharide from each extract, SOD-like activity, electron donating ability(EDA), xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted. The total polyphenol content of each extract was found to be 16.36% for hot water extract(HE) group and 15.73% for UMPM extract(UE) group and the amount of crude polysaccharide precipitated into ethanol of extracts was found to be 8.79% for UMPM ethanol extract(UEE) group and 6.48% for hot water ethanol extract(HEE) group. As a result of measurement of SOD-like activity by concentration of each extract, it was found to be 96.17% for UE group, 91.23% for HE group, 91.33% for UEE group, and 87.11% for HEE group at 20 mg/mL. In the case of EDA, it was found to be 47.55% for UE group, 44.93% for HE group, 25.38% for UEE group, and 18.36% for HEE group. And in the cases of the rates of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, as the concentration of each extract increased, the inhibition rate increased accordingly. As a result of comparison between hot water extract method and UMPM extract method using extracts obtained from oriental medicine compound medium where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, all of the extracts were judged to have a high anti-oxidization effect. In particular, UMPM extracts were found to have higher polyphenol content, SOD-like activity, EDA, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to hot water extract method. In this regard, extracts obtained from OCM where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured are considered to have high availability as functional material when and if they are prepared using UMPM extract method.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2002

Chemical carcinogen-induced alteration of aldehyde metabolic enzymes were examined in clone 9 cell. Diethylnitrosamine (DENA), N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) were wed as model carcinogens. Changes in enzyme activities by repetitive treatment of DENA, NEU or NNM were analyzed in terms of specific activities and activity stainings of the enzymes on the gel. Upon treatment of DENA, lipid peroxide level increased upto 10 fold, indicating strong oxidative stress state of the cell. Notable enhancement of ADH and ALDH activity occurred after DENA treatment, while glutathione-S-transferase activity was slightly increased. Furthermore, about 2.5 fold higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected during deactivation of catalase (CAT) activity by repetitive treatment of DENA. However in NEU-treated cell, about 2.3 fold higher ALDH activity was found while ADH activity was slightly increased. Notable increase CAT and SOD could also be found. In contrast, maximum 3.5 fold higher CAT activity occurred during SOD deactivation in NNM-treated cell. These results suggest that there might be different enzymatic responses in relation to cell protection against DENA, NEU or NNM.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1998

To develop the fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) producing high yields of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the MnSOD cDNA from pea (Pisum sativum) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was introduced into cucumber using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain LBA 4404)-mediated transformation. The kanamycin-resistant shoots were selected on the selection medium containing MS basal salt, 1.0 mg/L zeatin, 0.1 mg/L IAA, 300 mg/L claforan, and 100 mg/L kanamycin. After 6 weeks of culture on the selection medium, the shoots were transferred to MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L NAA to induce roots. PCR analysis using the primers for neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene revealed that three plantlets were transformed. The fruits of one transgenic plant had approximately 3.2-fold higher SOD activity than those of non-transgenic plants. MnSOD isoenzyme band was strongly detected on native gel in fruits of transgenic plants.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.436-442
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• 2003

In order to examine the antioxidant actions of YMJHT, the study was done through measurement of parameters such as LPO(lipidperoxidation), GSH(glutathione), SOD(superoxidation dismutase), catalase, GOT, GPT, ALP, the results were obtained as follows: For the weight changes, in the testis the group given YMJHT showed significant increase compared to the control group. In the left cerebrum, the group given YMJHT showed significant increase compared to the control group on the activities of SOD, catalase. In the right cerebrum, the group given YMJHT showed significant decrease on the content of LPO and showed significant increase on the activity of catalase. In the cerebellum, the group given YMJHT showed significant decrease on the content of LPO and showed significant increase on the activities of SOD, catalase. In the liver, the group given YMJHT showed significant decrease on the content of GSH and showed significant increase on the activity of SOD. In the kidney, the group given YMJHT showed significant decrease on the contents of GSH, GSH and showed significant increase on the activities of SOD, catalase. In the testis, the group given YMJHT showed significant decrease on the contents of LPO, GSH and showed significant increase on the activity of SOD. From above results, the antioxidant action of YMJHT is effective. And it is expected to be necessary to the study of the mechanism in the antioxidant of YMJHT.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.451-458
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• 2011

The medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus is a traditional and widely used multi-functional fungus. In this study, we have investigated whether Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) extracts exerts anti-oxidant effects on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in auditory cell line, HEI-OC1 cells. First of all, Chaga extracts has no harmful effects on viability of HEI-OC1 cells in the dose range of $65{\sim}125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Moreover, it shows cyto-protective effects on the cells treated with cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells and the damage of hair cells arrays of the rat primary organ of Corti explants in the presence of cisplatin. Pretreatment with Chaga extracts inhibited the cell death, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), lipid peroxidation induced by cisplatin. These effects were associated with the induction of antioxidant enzyme by Chaga extracts. We further investigated the effects of Chaga extracts on expression of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 1) and Mn SOD (SOD 2) by RT-PCR. In addition, Chaga extracts shows SOD activity and SOD protein expression in cisplatin treated group induced similar to control group. Taken together, these results indicate that Chaga extracts can prevent cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by radical-scavenging activity (SOD activity) in HEI-OC1 cells. It might be an effective as antioxidant and further studies on the chemo-preventive mechanisms of Inonotus obliquus are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial, antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity effect of Jubak(AFC) extract using hot water and ethanol solvent. All extracts from Jubak(AFC) had antimicrobial activities in the Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Antioxidant activities of the Jubak(AFC) using soybean oil emulsion was confirmed to be higher in the extract using ethanol and hot water than control and the antioxidant was practically effective when concentration of the Jubak was 200 ppm. Scavenging effect of DPPH radical of Jubak extracts showed inhibition effect was above 80%. SOD-like activity were higher in hot water extracts than in ethanol extracts. If keeping up Jubak's study, it could have potential as a cosmetic raw material. Additionally, Jubak could be expected as functional material in food by different extract method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1635-1641
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate antioxidant activities of pomegranate endocarp extracts. Pomegranate endocarp extract contains the highest antioxidant function compared to pomegranate extracts from other parts. Pomegranate endocarp extract was fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol extract, and water, followed by evaluation for antioxidant activity. During this experiment, various antioxidant tests such as nitrite scavenging activity, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging activity, $ABTS^+$ scavenging activity, SOD like-activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were conducted on the $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, BuOH, $H_2O$ fractions of pomegranate endocarp extract. Results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among the samples. For SOD like-activity, the dichloromethane fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide anion scavenging activity, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. In the $ABTS^+$ scavenging activity test, the ethyl acetate fraction $IC_{50}$ was 39.26 ${\mu}g$/mL, whereas that of the butanol fraction was 40.95 ${\mu}g$/mL. In testing reduction power at 0.1 mg/mL, the O.D. of the ethyl acetate fraction was highest at 1.404 and showed higher activity than ascorbic acid at 1.332. The results of the nitrite scavenging activity test were very similar to those of the SOD like-activity test. These results suggest that pomegranate endocarp extract may have value as a natural antioxidant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 1999

The isoenzyme patterns and activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were investigated from leaves of Araliaceae plants. Of the eight isoenzymes, two isoenzymes(SOD 4 and SOD 6) were prevalent to leaves of Araliaceae plants. The patterns of these two isoenzymes were most various in the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus for. inermis, while their activity was highest in the leaves of A. koreanum. These two isoenzymes were respectively identified as Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD, based on selective inhibition with KCN or$H_2O_2$. The SOD isoenzyme patterns did not differed among stem barks, root barks and leaves of A. koreanum. However, the activities of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD were higher in the root bark and in leaves, respectively. Both of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD were stable for 1 hr at 30-4$0^{\circ}C$, while unstable above 5$0^{\circ}C$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2007

To elucidate the relationship among body mass index, nutrient intake and blood antioxidant capacity in the postmenopausal period, 60 women residing in Iksan area were recruited. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated base on height and weight, and food and nutrient intakes were estimated by 24-hour recalls of 3 non-consecutive days. Parameters of antioxidant capacity including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TA) were measured in fasting blood samples from the subjects. The average age, height, weight and BMI of the subjects were 65 years, 151.1cm, 59.5 kg and 26.0 m/kg$^2$, respectively. The macronutrient intake rate of carbohydrate : protein : fat were 65:17.5:17.5; the mean intakes of energy and protein were 1532.7 kcal (86.3% of RDA) and 67.1 g (122.0% of RDA) respectively. The mean intakes of phosphorus, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C were higher than Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Koreans. On the other hand, calcium and riboflavin intakes were only 84.6% and 70.4% of RDA. Among the parameters of antioxidant capacity, SOD activity was significantly lower in lean subjects (BMI<20) than in the normal or overweight subjects (BMI${\geq}$20) (p<0.05). TAs of the subjects with the highest intakes of vegetables and fruits were significantly higher than those of subjects with lower intakes (p<0.05). Antioxidant capacity was compared among subjects according to 3 different nutrient intake levels according percentage of RDA for Koreans for selected nutrients with the following results: The high protein and niacin groups exhibited significantly lower TA status than those of the other intake groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the low BMI was associated with lower SOD activity in postmenopausal women. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with higher TA. When protein and niacin intakes were excessive, SOD activity and TA tended to be low. SOD and TA, among antioxidant indexes, seemed to be mostly influenced by other factors. Therefore, more studies on the effects of nutritional intake and the activity of antioxidant enzyme should be conducted.