• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.462-467
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• 2011

Up-regulation of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-9 contributes to inflammatory processes during the development of various skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. In this study, we examined the effect of a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase (Tat-SOD) on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MMP-9 expression in human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT). When Tat-SOD was added to the culture medium of HaCaT cells, it rapidly entered the cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Tat-SOD decreased TNF-${\alpha}$-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Tat-SOD also inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity. Treatment of HaCaT cells with Tat-SOD significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced mRNA and protein expression of MMP-9, as measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, Tat-SOD suppressed TNF-${\alpha}$-induced gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9. Taken together, our results indicate that Tat-SOD can suppress TNF-${\alpha}$-induced MMP-9 expression via ROS-NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent mechanisms in keratinocytes, and therefore can be used as an immunomodulatory agent against inflammatory skin diseases related to oxidative stress.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2011

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells and tissues from extracellular damage by eliminating superoxide anion radicals produced during metabolism. Two different forms of EC-SOD exist, and their different enzyme activities are a result of different disulfide bond patterns. Although only two folding variants have been discovered so far, five folding variants are theoretically possible. Therefore, we constructed five different mutant EC-SOD expression vectors by substituting cysteine residues with serine residues and evaluated their expression levels and enzyme activities. The mutant EC-SODs were expressed at lower levels than that of wild-type EC-SOD, and all of the mutants exhibited inhibited extracellular secretion, except for C195S ECSOD. Finally, we demonstrated that co-expression of wild-type EC-SOD and any one of the mutant EC-SODs resulted in reduced secretion of wild-type EC-SOD. We speculate that mutant EC-SOD causes malfunctions in systems such as antioxidant systems and sensitizes tissues to ROS-mediated diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.262-270
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the functional properties of roasted Pleurotus eryngii by the extraction conditions. Total phenolic compound content and electron donating ability (EDA) were high at 50% ethanol concentration. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was high at 75% ethanol concentration. Nitrite scavenging ability increased as ethanol concentration in extracting solvent decreased. EDA decreased, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability increased as the extraction time increased. With the increase in extraction temperature, EDA and SOD-like activity decreased. But extraction temperature did not significantly affect the nitrite-scavenging ability With the increase in ratio of sample content to solvent, EDA, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability decreased. The results would be useful for understanding the extraction condition of roasted Pleurotus eryngii.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1999

This study has examined the effects of Aralia elata Seemann ethanol extract on antioxidant enzyme systems inrats along with benzo($\alpha$) pyrene(B(a)P) administration . The ethanol extract of Aralia elata Seemann (50mg/kg body wt.) was fed to rats for 4 weeks by stomach tubing. The extract administration increased antioxidant activities of glutathione sulfur transferase(GST) comparing to the control. also total superoxide dismutase(SOD) and Cu, Zn-SOD activities were stimulated. Catalase activities were increased by 50% with the extract feeding compared to the control . Combined administration of B($\alpha$)P and the extract increased GST activity in B($\alpha$) P group. Although total SOD acitivity was decreased , Cu, Zn-SOD was greately increased from 0.10unit to 0.18 unit and catalase activity also was increased compared to the group of B($\alpha$) P. GST activity in CLE group was 1.32 unit, increased by 33% comparing to the group CL of 0.99unit. Cu, Zn-SOD and catalase activities in thegroup fed high fat and ethanol extracts were increased by 25% and 39%, respectivley comparing to the group of high fat. In addition , total SOD was decreased but, Cu, Zn-SOD acitivity was increased from 0.09 unit to 0.18unit. Catalase activity was 76.05 unit in the group of B($\alpha$) P and extract comparing to 65.26 units in B($\alpha$)P group. Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol of rat was markedly increased by theextract. Administration of B9$\alpha$)P reduced $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in the serum, on the other hand, lard in the diet increased $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in the serum. The above results indicate that Aralia bud exerts antioxidant functions in vivo against B($\alpha$)P. Further research may be necessary for the identification fo the biologically active material.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2004

Background : The roles of antioxidants in the placenta and genetic susceptibility to oxidant chemicals in relation to neonatal birth weight have not been elucidated. We determined whether the level of placental manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and its genetic polymorphism plays any role in oxidative stress and neonatal birth weight. Methods : We measured placental MnSOD and determined MnSOD genetic polymorphism among 108 pregnant women who were hospitalized for delivery and their singleton live births in Korea. Main outcome measurements are maternal urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and birth weight. Results : Maternal urinary concentrations of MDA were significantly associated with neonatal birth weight (P=0.04). The enzyme level of placental MnSOD was also significantly associated with MDA concentration (P=0.04) and neonatal birth weight (p<0.01). We observed dose-response relationships between placental MnSOD and maternal urinary MDA, and neonatal birth weight after adjusting for maternal weight, height, age, and neonatal sex. After controlling for covariates, MnSOD variant genotype increased maternal urinary MDA concentrations (p<0.01) and reduced birth weight by 149 gm (P=0.08). Conclusions : This study demonstrates that the placental level of MnSOD during pregnancy significantly affects fetal growth by reducing oxidative stress, and that genetic polymorphism of MnSOD probably modulate the effects of oxidants on fetal growth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.95-95
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• 1995

뇌신경 변성 / 퇴행과 관련된 중요한 병인론 중의 하나는 변성 과정에서 형성된 유리기(free radical)로 인한 항산화계의 평형 소실로 알려져 있다. Aspalatone (APT)의 예상되는 항산화 효능을 검정하기 위하여 본 실험에서는 Kainic acid (KA) 유발 뇌변성 모델을 적용하였다. KA 모델은 변연계의 간질성 경련과 신경세포 변성에 대하여 재현성 있는 병변 모델을 제공해 주며, 이와 같은 신경세포의 병독 기전에 산소 유리기가 관여함이 강력히 시사되고 있기 때문이다. KA 투여로 인하여 지속적이고도 전형적인 간질성 경련이 관찰되고 1일 이내에 높은 치사율을 보였으나 APT으로 인하여 그 간질성 경련 행위와 비율이 억제되고 KA 유발 치사율도 억제되었다. 최종 KA 투여 3일 후에 얻어진 흰쥐 해마 및 대뇌 피질에서 항산화 효소인 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat.), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) 및 과산화지질의 지표인 Malondialdehyde (MDA)를 검정하였다. 대조군에 비하여 KA는 뇌조직의 SOD-1을 유도하였으나, Cat.와 GSH-PX의 활성은 현저히 유도되지 않았고, 반면에 MDA 치는 현저히 증가하였다. 즉, Cat., GSH-PX와 같은 $H_2O$$_2$중화제가 동반 유도하지 않는 SOD의 유도는 세포내 축적되는 $H_2O$$_2$로 인하여 Fenton/Haber-Weiss 반응을 가속화하여 과산화지질화를 촉진함을 시사한다. APT 병용 투여로 SOD는 현저히 유도되지 않았으나 특히 Cat.가 현저히 유도되어지고 MDA는 억제되었다. 이와 같은 생화학적인 결과는 다음의 형태학적인 소견과 일치한다. Fos 관련 항원 (FRA)와 SOD-1을 면역세포화학 (Immunocytochemistry)적 방법으로 이중 표식 (double-labelling) 하였다. FRA는 KA로 인한 신경세포의 자극에 대한 지표로 응용하였고, SOD-1은 퇴행성 뇌질환에서 산화적 손상의 지표로 사용하였다. KA 투여로 해마의 dentate gyrus (DG) 내에 강한 면역환성 (immunoreactivity)이 나타났고 pyramidal cell layer (PCL)와 glia에 SOD-1이 강하게 염색되었다. APT 병용 투여로 상당수의 경련이 일어나지 않은 흰쥐는 해마의 DG에 FRA가 경미하게 염색되었고, PCL에 SOD-1도 경미하게 나타났으나, 경련이 나타난 쥐에서는 KA만을 투여한 흰쥐와 구별되지 않았다. 이상의 APT의 항산화 효과는 KA로 인한 뇌세포 변성 개선에 중요한 인자로 작용할 것으로 사료되나, 보다 명확한 APT의 기전을 검색하고 직접 임상에 응응하기 위하여는 보다 다양한 실험 조건이 보완되어야 찰 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

Pycnogenol (PYC) is believed to have potential as a therapeutic agent against free radical-mediated oxidative stress. It is important, therefore, to understand the interactions between PYC and cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Toward this end, we analyzed the survival rates on the gene expression responses of E. coli sod katG mutants to PYC after pre-treatment of PQ or H$_2$O$_2$-mediated stress under aerobic conditions. We identified SOD induced by PYC, but not HP1 in sod hate mutants. A striking result was the PYC induction of SOD with antioxidant property in single katG mutant cells, particularly MnSOD and CuZnSOD. These inductions were further increased with oxidative stress, while HP1 was not induced in these conditions. The effects of pycnogenol treatment on these cells depend in part on its concentration on the stress response. Protective effects of PYC exposure which affected gene expression in cells were consistent with cell survival rates. Our results demonstrate that pycnogenol may alter the stress response gene expression in a specific manner such as SOXRS because PYC induction of single mutant only worked under increased PQ stress. All together our data indicate that SOD activity is essential for the cellular defense against PQ-mediated oxidative stress, suggesting that PYC may not be effective as an antioxidant in only oxidative stress conditions. On the other hand, it was expected that PYC may play a role as a pro-oxidant and if it is available for use, it should be evaluated carefully.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1353-1365
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• 1997

Background : Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) has been considered as an important candidate for cancer gene therapy based on its potent anti-tumor activity. However, since the efficiency of current techniques of gene transfer is not satisfactory, the majority of current protocols is aiming the in vitro gene transfer to cancer cells and re-introducing genetically modified cancer cells to host. In the previous study, it was shown that TNF-sensitive cancer cells transfected with TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA would become highly resistant to TNF, and the probability was shown that the acquired resistance to TNF might be associated with synthesis of some protective protein. Understanding the mechanisms of TNF -resistance in TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cancer cells would be. an important step for improving the efficacy of cancer gene therapy as well as for better understandings of tumor biology. This study was designed to evaluate the role of MnSOD, an antioxidant enzyme, in the acquired resistance to TNF of TNF-$\alpha$ cDN A transfected cancer cells. Method : We transfected TNF-$\alpha$ c-DNA to WEHI164(murine fibrosarcoma cell line), NCI-H2058(human mesothelioma cell line), A549(human non-small cell lung cancer cell line), ME180(human cervix cancer cell line) cells using retroviral vector(pLT12SN(TNF)) and confirm the expression of TNF with PCR, ELISA, MIT assay. Then we determined the TNF resistance of TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cells(WEHI164-TNF, NCIH2058-TNF, A549-TNF, ME180-TNF) and the changes of MnSOD mRNA expressions with Northern blot analysis. Results : The MnSOD mRNA expressions of parental cells and genetically modified cells of WEHI164 and ME180 cells(both are naturally TNF sensitive) were not significantly different The MnSOD mRNA expressions of genetically modified cells of NCI-H2058 and A549(both are naturally TNF resistant) were higher than those of the parental cells, while those of parental cells with exogenous TNF were also elevated. Conclusion : The acquired resistance to TNF after TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfection may not be associated with the change in the MnSOD expression, but the difference in natural TNF sensitivity of each cell may be associated with the level of the MnSOD expression.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.154-162
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to develop a transgenic petunia with enhanced resistance to sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) gas by stacking two genes, SOD2 and NDPK2, which are both known to confer resistance to abiotic stresses. The first-generation hybrids ($TF_1$) were obtained through reciprocal crosses between an SOD2-transgenic line SOD2-2-1-1-35($T_4$)[S($T_4$)] and an NDPK2-transgenic line NDPK2-7-1($T_2$)[N7-1($T_2$)]. Approximately 32.1-73.0% of the first-generation hybrids ($TF_1$) carried both SOD2 and NDPK2 genes. These hybrids showed 2.6 and 5.1 times less damage than hybrids carrying only SOD2 or NDPK2 genes, respectively, when they were treated with $SO_2$ gas at 30 ppm. This confirmed that the heterozygous hybrids were more resistant to $SO_2$ than the hybrids carrying either one of the resistance genes. Second-generation hybrids ($TF_2$) were obtained by selfing the $TF_1$ individuals. We confirmed the expression of the stacked genes in the $TF_2$ hybrids by phenotypic observation of their response to $SO_2$ gas at 30 ppm as well as using RT-qPCR and photosynthetic efficiency.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.863-866
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• 2001

Antioxidative activites and anti skin aging effects of radish(Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) extracts were studied. The DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazal) inhibitory effects and CAT(Catalase) activities of hydrophilic radish extracts(DPPH 81.0%, CAT 175units/mg) were significantly higher than lipophilic radish extracts(DPPH 50.0%, CAT 45unitg/mg). But, SOD(superoxide dismutase) activities of hydrophilic radish extracts(SOD 81.3%) were lower than lipophilic radish extracts(SOD 92.3%) In the Bovine Achilles Tendon collagen treated with hydrophilic radish extracts and lipophilic radish extracts, the pyridinoline concentration of collagen were decreased, respectively.