• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

인위적으로 noise factor를 주고 그 위에 촬영을 하여 노이즈와 영상의 복합물을 만들었다. 그 후 Low Pass Filter(LPF)와 Median Filter(MF)의 두 종류의 필터를 통하여 노이즈를 제거하고 노이즈를 나타내는 지표로 Signal To Noise Ratio(SNR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR), Mean Square Error(MSE)를 비교하였다. 또한 Median Filter의 kernel size에 따라서도 노이즈제거효과를 평가하였다. 각각의 처리된 영상과 원 영상을 비교하여 원 영상에 가까운 영상을 찾아봄으로서 어떤 필터가 유용하며 어떤 주파수대를 제거해야 하는가를 알고자 실험하였다. Cutoff frequency가 다른 필터를 비교 했을 때 noise power 값에는 상관없이 cutoff frequency $2/3\pi{\sim}3/4\pi$까지가 원 영상에 가까우면서 SNR, PSNR이 좋다. 따라서 높은 filter 효과를 나타낸다고 할 수 있다. Median filter의 kernel size가 커짐에 따라서 SNR 값이 커지며 반대로 MSE의 값이 작아져 filter 효과는 좋아 짐을 알 수 있다. 의료 영상에 filter를 적용하는 것에 대해서 대부분의 영상들이 filter 적용 후에 왜곡된 상이 되곤 하였다. 의료 영상은 다른 영상과는 달리 공간 분해능을 유지하면서 평활화(노이즈 제거)하는 것이 중요한 문제이다. SNR 등 정량적 지표에 의한 비교와 함께 시각적 평가가 병행되어야 할 필요가 있다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.1023-1035
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• 2016

부유사 농도는 유사이송해석, 하천 및 구조물의 안정성 평가 등에 있어서 매우 중요한 자료라 할 수 있다. 그러나, 국내의 경우 주로 재래식 채집방식으로 유사량을 관측하고 있어 유사량 자료가 현저히 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수평초음파도플러유속계(H-ADCP)에서 제공하는 신호대잡음비(SNR)와 레이저부유사측정기(LISST-100X)를 활용한 실측 부유사농도와의 상관관계를 구축하여 H-ADCP를 활용하여 공간 시간적으로 정밀한 유사량을 지속적으로 추정할 수 있는 기법을 개발하고자 한다. 이를 위해 H-ADCP의 신호대잡음비 보정식을 개발하였으며, 실규모 하천에서 유사를 인위적으로 공급하며 H-ADCP와 LISST를 활용하여 신호대잡음비와 부유사농도 자료를 계측하고, 개발된 보정식이 적용된 신호대잡음비-부유사농도(SNR-SSC) 관계식을 시범적으로 구축해 보았다. 구축한 SNR-SSC 관계로부터 상관계수 0.85~0.88의 상대적으로 높은 상관도를 가진 선형회귀식을 구성할 수 있었으며, 본 연구 결과는 자동유량측정장치로 사용되고 있는 H-ADCP를 적절히 활용할 경우 실시간 유사량 관측이 가능하다는 점을 시사한다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2014

The paper investigates the problem of designing the multiple-antenna relay in a two-way relay network by taking into account the imperfect channel state information (CSI). The objective is to design the multiple-antenna relay based upon the CSI estimates, where the estimation errors are included to attain the robust design under the worst-case philosophy. In particular, the worst-case transmit power at the multiple-antenna relay is minimized while guaranteeing the worst-case quality of service requirements that the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at both sources are above a prescribed threshold value. Since the worst-case received SNR expression is too complex for subsequent derivation and processing, its lower bound is explored instead by minimizing the numerator and maximizing the denominator of the worst-case SNR. The aforementioned problem is mathematically formulated and shown to be nonconvex. This motivates the pursuit of semidefinite relaxation coupled with a randomization technique to obtain computationally efficient high-quality approximate solutions. This paper has shown that the original optimization problem can be reformulated and then relaxed to a convex problem that can be solved by utilizing suitable randomization loop. Numerical results compare the proposed multiple-antenna relay with the existing nonrobust method, and therefore validate its robustness against the channel uncertainty. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed design and the associated influencing factors are discussed by means of extensive Monte Carlo simulations.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 1983

PCM符號가 NRZ-L인 binary data를 5次 Bessel low-pass filter를 通하여 傳送하는 telemetry systemn에 對하여 FM方式으로 RF link를 構成하고 liniter-discriminator로 複調하였을 경우에 digital通信system의 性能評價에 重要한 bit誤差確率을 SNR에 對하여 解析的으로 檢討하였다. 實際로 設計에 적용한 telemetry system에서 bit rate를 140kHz, 變調前 filter의 f를 100kHz, 送信機의 最大周波數編移 2f를 300kHz로 設計하였을 때 f0T=0.7 및 h=2ft=2이며 SNR이 10dB일 때 bit誤差確率은 10으로 計算되었다.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to derive approximate closed-form error rates for M-ary burst symbol transmission (MBST) of dual-hop adaptive decode-and-forward (ADF) cooperative relay systems over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. Within a burst, there are pilot symbols and data symbols. Pilot symbols are used for channel estimation schemes and each relay node's transmission mode selection schemes. At first, our focus was on ADF relay systems' error-events at relay nodes. Each event's occurrence probability and probability density function (PDF) were then derived. With error-event based approach, we derived a tractable form of PDF for combined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Averaged error rates were then derived as approximate expressions for arbitrary link SNR with different modulation orders and numbers of relays. Its accuracy was verified by comparison with simulation results.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2004

Conventional bipolar surface electromyography(EMG) technique detects only the superimposed electromyographic activity of a large number of motor units due to its low spatial resolution. For the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorder, the information of single MU is required. In this paper, 9 channel array surface electrode system was as designed and MLoG filter was proposed. Also the MCPT(modified convolution processing technique)method was proposed for the improvement of MUAP resolution. For performance evaluation, power spectrum analysis of random data and raw EMG signal comparison of MUAP shape and quantitative estimation of SNR were executed. As a result, the MUAP resolution improvement of 32％ was obtained from the standpoint of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제26권10B호
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• pp.1360-1366
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• 2001

이 논문에서는, 잡음환경에서의 음성 향상을 위해서 일반적인 주파수 차감법에 기반한 새로운 형태의 방법을 제안한다. 기존의 방법들이 각각의 주파수 성분에 대해 잡음 및 음성스펙트럼을 추정하는데 비해, 본 논문에서는 주파수 대역을 여러 개의 서브밴드로 대역을 나누어 각각의 서브밴드에 대해서 잡음 및 음성의 스펙트럼을 추정한다. 본 논문에서는 잡음 스펙트럼을 추정하기 위하여 최소추적(Minima Tracking) 방법을 선택하였고, 필터링 방법으로는 스펙트럼 차감법에 기반한 Mel-Scaled 필터뱅크를 이용한 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 모의실험결과, 기존의 방법들에 비해 음성구간에서의 SNR의 향상정도는 입력 SNR이 -10∼4dB의 범위에서 향상된 결과를 얻었다. 또한 전 구간에 대해서도 다른 알고리즘들 보다 향상된 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1172-1179
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• 1996

General adaptive noise canceller(ANC) suffers from the misadjustment of adaptive filter weights, because of the gradient-estimate noise at steady state. In this paper, an adaptive noise cancellation algorithm with speech detector which is distinguishing speech from silence and adaptation-transient region is proposed. The speech detector uses property of adaptive prediction-error filter which can filter the highly correlated speech. To detect speech region, estimation error which is the output of the adaptive filter is applied to the adaptive prediction-error filter. When speech signal apears at the input of the adaptive prediction-error filter. The ratio of input and output energy of adaptive prediction-error filter becomes relatively lower. The ratio becomes large when the white noise appears at the input. So the region of speech is detected by the ratio. Sign algorithm is applied at speech region to prevent the weights from perturbing by output speech of ANC. As results of computer simulation, the proposed algorithm improves segmental SNR and SNR up to about 4 dBand 11 dB, respectively.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.761-769
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• 2006

In this paper, we address the problem of closely spaced source localization using sensor array processing. In particular, the performance efficiency (measured in terms of the root mean square error) of the unconditional maximum likelihood (UML) algorithm for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of near-field sources is evaluated. Four parameters are considered in this evaluation: angular separation among sources, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), number of snapshots, and number of sources (multiple sources). Simulations are conducted to illustrate the UML performance to compute the DOA of sources in the near-field. Finally, results are also presented that compare the performance of the UML DOA estimator with the existing multiple signal classification approach. The results show the capability of the UML estimator for estimating the DOA when the angular separation is taken into account as a critical parameter. These results are consistent in both low SNR and multiple-source scenarios.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.53-56
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• 2008

Generally, the quality of satellite images is expressed by GSD (Ground Sample Distance), MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) and SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). However, these factors are technology-oriented and do not explain interpretability of satellite images. We need a standardized index which shows standard of interpretability. In this study, we estimated NIIRS (National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale) through the GIQE (General Image Quality Equation) which is able to judge image interpretability with the standardized index. Traditionally, NIIRS has been determined manually by specialized image analysts. We used the GIQE in order to reduce inefficiency and high costs cause by manual interpretation and to produce accurate NIIRS. For monitoring image degradation, we estimated GIQE physical parameters from image analysis and carried out time series analysis about the quality of the KOMPSAT-1 images. On all of the tests, we were able to identify the image degradation due to the changing time. This indicates that NIIRS derived from GIQE will be used for image degradation indicator.