• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 여러 개의 마이크를 이용하여 잡음을 제거하는 방법인 공간 필터로 전처리된 신호를 입력으로 하는 음성 왜곡 가중 다채널 위너 필터 (Spatially Preprocessed Speech Distortion Weighted Multi-channel Wiener Filter: SP-SDW-MWF)에 대해 소개하고, 가중치를 결정하는 방법을 제안한다. SP-SDW-MWF는 마이크로폰 어레이를 이용한 잡음 제거 알고리즘으로서 마이크로폰 불일치와 같은 오차에 강인한 것으로 알려져 있다. SP-SDW-MWF는 필터 계수를 최적화할 때 음성 왜곡과 잡음 제거에 대한 기준으로 나누어 가중치를 두고 있다. 이러한 가중치를 결정하기 위해, 본 논문에서는 전력 스펙트럼 밀도 오차를 평가 척도로 사용하여 마이크로폰으로부터 입력된 음성 신호와 잡음의 전력 스펙트럼 밀도의 비 (a priori SNR)를 이용하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험결과에서 나타난 바와 같이 a priori SNR에 따라 가변적인 가중치를 사용하는 것이 고정된 값을 가중치로 사용하는 것보다 향상된 성능을 보임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 비정상 잡음환경에서 음질향상을 위한 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 정상 잡음환경에서 음질향상을 위한 잡음제거 방법으로 주파수 차감법이 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 실제 잡음환경은 대 부분 비정상적인 특성을 나타낸다. 제안한 방법은 다양한 잡음 과 비정상 환경에서 잘 동작 할 수 있도록 적응 임계 치를 위한 자동제어 파라미터를 사용한다. 특히, 자동제어 파라미터는 a posteriori SNR을 이용한 선형함수를 적용하여 잡음레벨의 증감에 따라 적응 임계 치를 제어한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 음질향상을 위해 Hangover (HO)을 이용한 주파수 차감법과 결합한다. 알고리즘의 성능은 다양한 잡음환경에서 ITU-T P.835 signal distortion (SIG)와 segment signal to-noise ratio (SNR)로 평가하여 (HO)을 이용한 음성검출과 minimum statistics (MS) 방법에 비해 우수한 결과를 나타냈다

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2010년도 추계학술발표논문집 1부
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• pp.16-19
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 송신국과 릴레이에서의 오류확률을 고려한 복호 후 전달 릴레이(DF: Decoded and Forward) 시스템에 대하여 정확한 비트 오류율 분석을 수행하고자 한다. 성능 분석에서는 복호 후 전달 릴레이 시스템의 노드들 간의 채널을 상호 독립적인 레일리 페이딩 채널로 가정하고 변조 방식으로는 BPSK(Binary Phase Shift Keying)를 사용한다. 우선, 정확한 평균 오류율 분석을 위하여 송신국-수신국 링크와 릴레이-수신국 링크 결합시 릴레이노드의 복호결과 오류 유무에 따라 수신 SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)을 각각 유도하고 복호결과가 오류일 때 수신 SNR이 양수인 경우와 음수인 경우를 고려하여 그에 대한 PDF(Probability Density Function)를 계산한다. 그리고 각각의 경우에 대한 평균 오류율을 유도하였다. 또한 모의실험 결과와의 비교를 통하여 제안된 성능 분석 기법의 정확성을 검증하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.843-850
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• 2017

The EMG amplitude estimator, which has been investigated as an indicator of muscle force, is utilized as the control input to artificial prosthetic limbs. This paper describes an application of the optimal EMG amplitude estimator to the surface EMG signals recorded during constant isometric %MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) for 30 seconds and reports on assessing performance of the amplitude estimator from the application. Surface EMG signals, a total of 198 signals, were recorded from biceps brachii muscle over the range of 20-80%MVC isometric contraction. To examine the estimator performance, a SNR(signal-to-noise ratio) was computed from each amplitude estimate. The results of the study indicate that ARV(average rectified value) and RMS(root mean square) amplitude estimation with forth order whitening filter and 250[ms] moving average window length are optimal and showed the mean SNR improvement of about 50%, 40% and 20% for each 20%MVC, 50%MVC and 80%MVC surface EMG signals, respectively.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

In this paper, performance on receivers of multilateration (MLAT) system that uses ADS-B signal, which is recently becoming popular, was analyzed to overcome shortcomings of existing aircraft flight control systems or reinforce the capabilities. A link budget was analyzed using a channel model in the airport environment with regard to Local Area Multilateration (LAM) for ground-controlled landing around the airport. In order to detect signals that arrived at the receiver successfully, sensitivity of receiver was analyzed using a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) worksheet, and a method that improves accuracy of the distance measurement was proposed by adopting a peak estimation using sampling signals. Through simulations, optimum specifications of receivers were analyzed to have high precision positioning of LAM, and accuracy of LAM distance measurements was presented.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권6A호
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• pp.813-817
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• 2000

WDM Ring의 경우 지금까지 UPSR/2나 BLSR/4 만 고려되어 왔었다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 WDM 장치의 상위 계층인 SDH의 보호측면 및 optical SNR의 측면에서 기존의 BLSR/4보다 장점이 많은 4-fiber bidirectional path switched ring을 제안하였다. 또한 이를 구현할 수 있는 2가지 방법에 대해 살펴보았고, 감시제어채널을 이용하지 않고도 제안된 보호/절체 구조를 구현할 수 있는 distributed control scheme에 대해 제시하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권6A호
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• pp.601-608
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• 2011

기존에 연구된 OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) 기반 다중 홉 전송망의 부반송파 페어링 방법들은 단순히 채널의 신호대잡음비(SNR)만을 고려한 것이므로, 2차 시스템의 사용으로 인해 1차 사용자에게 미치는 간섭량을 고려해야 하는 무선 인지 환경에는 적합하지 않다. 따라서, 본 논문은 OFDMA 기반의 다중 홉 무선 인지 시스템에서 1차 사용자에게 미치는 간섭을 제거하기 위해 전력제어를 수행할 경우, 감소된 수율을 향상시키기 위한 효과적인 부반송파 할당 방법에 관해 연구를 수행하였다. 간섭 채널 이득만을 고려한 IT(Interference channel gain) 방법과 채널 이득과 간섭 채널 이득의 비를 고려한 CI(Channel SNR over interference channel gain) 방법, 2가지의 부반송파 페어링 방법을 제안했으며, 모의실험을 통해 기존 방법과 성능비교를 수행하였다. 무선 인지 시스템에서 간섭 임계치를 만족시키기 위해 전력 제어가 필요한 경우에는 제안한 CI 방법이 성능이 가장 우수했으며, 기존 방법보다 최대 약 10% 이상의 수율 향상을 거두는 것을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.818-827
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a new noise estimation and reduction algorithm for stationary and nonstationary noisy environments. This approach uses an algorithm that classifies the speech and noise signal contributions in time-frequency bins. It relies on the ratio of the normalized standard deviation of the noisy power spectrum in time-frequency bins to its average. If the ratio is greater than an adaptive estimator, speech is considered to be present. The propose method uses an auto control parameter for an adaptive estimator to work well in highly nonstationary noisy environments. The auto control parameter is controlled by a linear function using a posteriori signal to noise ratio(SNR) according to the increase or the decrease of the noise level. The estimated clean speech power spectrum is obtained by a modified gain function and the updated noisy power spectrum of the time-frequency bin. This new algorithm has the advantages of much more simplicity and light computational load for estimating the stationary and nonstationary noise environments. The proposed algorithm is superior to conventional methods. To evaluate the algorithm's performance, we test it using the NOIZEUS database, and use the segment signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and ITU-T P.835 as evaluation criteria.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of radiation shielding on the thyroid organ dose and image quality during Chest PA examination using automatic exposure control system. This study was conducted in the patient posture and examination conditions such as Chest PA using human model phantom. An experiment without shielding was set as a control group (non) and the cases of using paper coated with a contrast agent (contrast) and bismuth (bismuth) were used as experimental groups. Compared to non-shielded(non), the dose at bismuth increased about 7% in C(cervical vertebrae)5 and C6 and 14% in C7 and contrast showed dose increases of about 17 to 19% in C5 and C6 and about 21% in C7. As a result of the image quality comparison, when measured in the center of the cervical vertebrae, both SNR and CNR in bismuth increased about 40% higher than non, and contrast showed about 8 to 9% improvement. Compared with soft tissues of the cervix, bismuth reduced SNR by about 15% and CNR by about 13%, in contrast, SNR decreased by 11%, and CNR decreased by about 10%. In the Chest PA using AEC, the method of using the shield in front of the collimator has the advantage to observe the anatomical structure of the neck area well compared to the method using the lead. However, the dose at the neck can be increased by 7-21% depending on shielding materials.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.595-604
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• 2006

The growth characteristics of Commercially Developed Nitrifying Bacteria (CDNB) were studied in laboratoryscale. CDNB, a pure, artificially isolated bacterium, was cultivated to produce Cultivated Nitrifying Bacterium Group (CNBG). The average ammonia removal rate of CDNB was 0.0234g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr. CNBG was produced in the batch reactor and Specific Nitrification Rate (SNR) was determined at 0.0107g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr. The SNR of CNBG was lower than the SNR of CDNB because the diverse and multi-cultured microbial growth took place during cultivation. The effect of the temperatures and the mixing ratios of sewage and culture solution on the SNR of CNBG was studied. The SNR of CNBG, 0.0107g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr at $27^{\circ}C$, decreased to 0.0048g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr at $15^{\circ}C$, and temperature coefficient (${\Theta}$) was calculated to be 1.07. With the varied sewage mixing ratios, the SNR of CNBG remained unchanged. Activated sludge reactors maintaining an MLSS of 2,000mg/L at HRT of 4 h were operated under conditions in which dosage of Concentrated CNBG Solution (CCNBGS, 10,000mg MLSS/L) and application method of CNBG were varied. The reactor with 20mL of CCNBGS took shorter time to oxidize $NH_4^+-N$ reaching 1mg/L than the reactor with 5mL of CCNBGS showing that higher dosages were associated with greater mass removal of $NH_4^+-N$. However, the total removal was not great. In terms of different methods of CNBG application, reactor seeded with 20mL of CCNBGS took 3days to reach 1mg/L of effluent ammonia concentration while reactor dosed with 20% (v/v) CNBG implanted media took 2days. Both the control reactor and the reactor dosed with 20% (v/v) media only did not reach 1mg $NH_4^+-N/L$ after operating 18days. The reactor with CNBG implanted media had the highest $NH_4^+-N$ removal rate because of maintaining high concentration of Nitrifying Oxidizing Bacteria (NOM), and is regarded as an appropriate method for the activated sludge process.