• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.284-290
• /
• 2020

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of SNAGs (sustained natural apophyseal glides) and visual convergence biofeedback on the proprioception and neck disability of patients with chronic neck dysfunction. A total of 31 patients with neck dysfunction were assigned to either SNAGs (n = 16) or biofeedback (n = 15). The groups were assessed for proprioception and neck disability, before and after the intervention. The SNAGs were performed using belt with flexion, extension and right-left rotation, whereas biofeedback training included visual feedback training with deep neck flexor. Intervention was implemented for 20 minutes, twice a week for 4 weeks. Biofeedback training a showed significant effect on the joint position sense (left and right rotation) as compared to the SNAGs group (p< 0.05), whereas neck disability index was significantly effective for SNAGs (p< 0.05). Ed. Notes: The previous statement lacked clarity. I have suggested the edit as per my understanding. Please review and revise appropriately, if required. Therefore, the SNAGs technique is effective for neck function, and biofeedback training is a positive intervention method for enhancing the proprioceptive sensation. In future studies on patients with neck pain, it may be possible to select an intervention method based on the characteristics of the disease.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2021

Background: This study investigated the effects of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) technique on lower back pain and pain disability among university students with lower back pain. Methods: A total thirty 20~30 year old university students with lower back pain were divided into two groups. A lumbar flexibility exercise was applied to the control group (n=15). The SNAGS technique group (n=15) received L1~L4 segment mobilization using SNAGS technique. Intervention was implemented for 20 minutes, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The SNAGS were performed using belt with flexion and extension, whereas lumbar flexibility exercise included lumbar flexion and extension. Lower back disability was measured using the Korean Oswestry disability index (KODI), and pain sensitivity was measured by pain pressure threshold (PPT). The groups were assessed for lower back pain disability and pain, before and after the intervention. Results: There were significant improvements in both the KODI and PPT of the SNAGS technique group (p<.05), while the lumbar flexibility exercise group showed no significant change (p>.05). In addition, the SNAGS technique group had a statistically significant difference in KODI and PPT compared to the lumbar flexibility exercise group (p<.05). Conclusion: SNAGS technique is more effective than lumbar spine joint flexibility exercise in the improvement of lower back pain disability and pain among university students with lower back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2002

The main purpose of this article is to suggest a modified SNAGs manual method in based of Mulligan techniques. And this study aimed to resolve the back pain which has combined movement dysfunction in lumbar spine, in addition to upgrade of manual therapy technique in clinical field. The results of this study were as following; 1. The first introduction of SNAGs in Korea is the 'International Mulligan Concepts and Techniques Seminar' by Prof. Russell M. Woodman(Quinnipiac college, USA), 1998. SNAGs is defined a mobilization with movement manual therapy that facet joints of the lesion mobilized to anterior-superior direction according to the treatment plane in apophyseal joint of hypomobility. 2. A treatment mechanism of the SNAGs is, Mulligan say, HIVD which is the result of posterior disk bulging from a increased between intervertebral pressure due to hypo-mobile of facet joints in abnormal spine, so therapist should be necessary mobilization of zygophyseal joints especially in disk lesion. 3. Because Mulligan does not yet mentioned SNAGs techniques about a back pain with combined movements dysfunction, so we suggest a modified SNAGs method for manual therapy of back pain patients due to combined movement dysfunction at lumbar.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2022

Background: Cervical headache (CGH) is a common condition that causes serious damage. Mulligan described a sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) as a manual therapy approach to treat this dysfunction. Although there have been several case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of SNAG, the efficacy of SNAG for cervical headaches is still controversial. Therefore, this study examined the effects of Mulligan's SNAG technique on cervical headache and pain intensity to present basic clinical data. Methods: Thirty-two subjects participated in this study, 16 each in the experimental and control groups. The experimental group applied Mulligan's SNAGs technique and the control group applied the placebo SNAGs technique. Results: Significant differences (p<.05) in the changes in pain, neck disability index (NDI) and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRSD) were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: The application of Mulligan's SNAG technique to patients with cervical headaches effectively reduced headache, depression, and neck dysfunction. Based on this study, Mulligan's SNAGs technique can be used as an objective research method for additional studies targeting cervical headache patients in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sustained natural appophyseal glides (SNAGS) on pain and lumbar stability in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods : The subjects were assigned randomly devided SNAGS group(n=18) and control group(n=18). The SNAGS group received Infrared(IR) used thermal therapy for 20minutes, Interference current therapy(ICT) used electrical therapy for 10minutes and SNAGS for 10minutes to 15minutes. The control group received IR used thermal therapy for 20minutes, ICT used electrical therapy for 10minutes and active stretching exercise for 10minutes to 15minutes. The visual analogue scale(VAS) and lumbar stability were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results : The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The VAS score of SNAGS group and control group was significantly within-subjects pre-test and post-test (p<.05), there was significantly difference between-subjects on each groups(p<.05). 2. The SNAGS group was significantly increased in variation of lumbar stability on $0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $-90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $-45^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$ and $-135^{\circ}$ within-subjects pre-test and post-test(p<.05), but The control group wasn't significantly increased in variation of lumbar stability on $0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $-90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $-45^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$ and $-135^{\circ}$ within-subjects pre-test and post-test(p>.05). There was significantly difference between-subjects on each groups(p<.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, SNAGS found that effective to decrease of pain and increase of lumbar stability. Therefore, the results of this study suggests that SNAGS is beneficial treatment for chronic low back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) on the pain and recovery of function of acute low back pain patients. Methods: The subjects were consisted of 135 patients with acute low back pain. All subjects randomly assigned to mobilization group, stretching exercise group and modality treatment group. The mobilization group received mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) with modality treatment, exercise group received stretching exercise with modality treatment and modality treatment group received modality treatment. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to measure patient's pain level and Patient Specific Functional Scale(PSFS) was used to measure patient's functional disability level. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than comparison group(p<.01) and active treatment group showed significantly decreased more than passive treatment group(p<.01). 2. Patient Specific Functional Scale(PSFS) was mobilization group showed significantly increased more than comparison group(p<.01) and active treatment group showed significantly increased more than passive treatment group(p<.01). Conclusion: It maybe suggested that mobilization combined active movement(SNAGS) is beneficial treatment for acute low back pain patient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.113-124
• /
• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of joint mobilization on the rang of motion and pain of patient with chronic low back pain. Methods : The subjects were consisted of thirty patients with chronic low back pain(19 females, 11 males ; mean aged 59.93) from 50 to 71. All subjects randomly assigned to the modalities treatment group, joint mobilization group. Modalities treatment group received hot pack used thermal therapy for 20minutes and ICT used electrical therapy for 15minutes, joint mobilization group received modalities treatment with sustained natural apophyseal glides(SNAGS) techniques of Mulligan for 10minutes per day and three times a week during 2 weeks period. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to measure subjective pain level. Remodified Schober test(RST) was used to measure range of motion of lumbar spine. All measurements of each patients were measured at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Results : The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. VAS was joint mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than modalities treatment group (p<.05). 2. The lumbar flexion range of motion was joint mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than modalities treatment group(p<.05). 3. The lumbar extension range of motion was joint mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than modalities treatment group(p<.05). 4. The lumbar left lateral flexion range of motion was joint mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than modalities treatment group(p<.05). 5. The lumbar right lateral flexion range of motion was joint mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than modalities treatment group(p<.05). Conclusion : These data suggests that SNAGS of Mulligan is beneficial treatment for chronic low back pain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.59 no.4
• /
• pp.354-361
• /
• 2023

In this study, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) technique was used to analyze the risk of expected risk factors and fishing possibilities during gillnet fishing within the floating offshore wind farms (floating OWF). For this purpose, the risks that may occur during gillnet fishing within the floating offshore wind farms were defined as collisions, entanglements, and snags. In addition, the risk factors that cause these risks were classified into three upper risk factors and ten sub risk factors, and the three alternatives to gillnet fishing available within the floating OWF were classified and a hierarchy was established. Lastly, a survey was conducted targeting fisheries and marine experts and the response results were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, among the top risk factors, the risk was the greatest when laying fishing gear. The risk of the sub factors for each upper risk was found to be the highest at the berthing (mooring), the final hauling of fishing net, and the laying of the bottom layer net. Based on the alternatives, the average of the integrated risk rankings showed that allowing full navigation/fisheries had the highest risk. As a result of the final ranking analysis of the integrated risk, the overall ranking of allowing navigation/fisheries in areas where bottom layer nets were laid was ranked the first when moving vessels within the floating OWF was analyzed as the lowest integrated risk ranking of the 30th at the ban on navigation/fisheries. Through this, navigation was analyzed to be possible while it was analyzed that the possibility of gillnet fishing within the floating OWF was not high.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 1998

This study was introduce to Manual Therapy of Mulligan. The use of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) and mobilisation with movement(MWM) for spine and peripheral joints has been developed by Mulligan. A mobilisation is applied parallel or right angles to restricted joint movement. If the applied mobilisation achieves immediate improvement in the functional movement and abolishes the pain the treatment involves sustaining the mobilisation while the patient performs the active movement repetitively. On reassessment of the joint function the movement should remain improved without the mobilisation. Theories as to why these techniques provide rapid improvement in pain-free range are proposed, and general principle of examination and treatment are outlined.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.251-256
• /
• 2003

Baseline data on the type, species and volume for dead trees were collected from old growth fir (Abies holophylla) forest in Sorak National Park. Though the survey was restricted to fly forest, a basic data compatible to those in other countries were collected. Besides fir, dead trees were also found in deciduous species. All the Known dead tree types were found. Average volume of dead tree in the surveyed area was 00.42 $\textrm{m}^2 \; ha^{-1}$. There seems no correlation existing between the distributions of dead tree and coarse woody debris (CWD).