• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.148-153
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• 1991

To investigate epidemological sitution of bovine viral diarrhea infection, serological survey in cattle being raised in Young Dong province were conducted. Bovine sera collected ramdomly from August 1990 to December 1990 were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus serum neutralizing antibody titers. The results were as follows 1. BVDV SN antibody levels were considerably varies and positive rate was 58(108 heads out of 186) 2. BVDV SN antibodies to breeds of cattle was various and positive rates showed that diary cattle, beef, native cattle(Korean) were 67.52%, 59.38%, 27.00％ respectively followed in that order. 3. In the regional prevalence of BVD SN antibodies in cattle, Alpine(92％) was the highest, Young Dong south(59%) middle(44%), and North 30% followed in that order 4. In the age relatated prevalence of BVD SN antibodies, the younger than 6 month old group was the highest 65.7%, and older than 25 month old group was also at 62.2％. Then, 7 to 12 moth old group and 13 to 24 month old group showed to 58.5%, 52.1％ respectively. 5. The geometric mean titer (log2) of 108 cattle serum samples showing positive BVD SN antibodies was 4.3. 6. In the geometric mean titer(log2) according to age, younger than 6 month old group (5.2) was the highest, then 7 to 12 month old group 2.8(SD=1.94 standard deviation) was lowliest.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.297-307
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• 1990

To establish an agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for detection of antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV) in swine, the precipitating antigens were prepared by four procedures using the Aujeszky's disease virus, NYJ-1-87 strain isolated from the affected piglets in Korea. The optimal condition for AGID test and the properties of the antigens were investigated. To determine the optimal concentration of antigens, four antigens were experimentally prepared by concentrating the viral fluids by 1/30 to 1/200. It was proved that the antigen precipitated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 1/100 was the most efficient to detect ADV antibodies by AGID test. When the relationship between the concentration of the antigens and the size of precipitating in radial immunodiffusion test was investigated, a high correlation coefficiency at r=0.95 (y=0.23x+23.4) was estimated, In study on the effects of various buffered salt solutions and agars on the sensitivity of AGID test by using the experimental ADV antigens, it was found that 0.05M tris buffer without sodium chloride at pH 7.2 induced the most distinctive precipitating lines, and that there was no significant differences in the sensitivity between the agarose and Noble's special agar. When the efficiency of AGID test was compared with serum neutralization(SN) test, the sensitivity of AGID test was 100% in SN titer over 1 : 16, 91.7% in SN titer of 1 : 8 and 57.1% in SN titer of 1 : 4. The specificity of AGID test compared with the sera with SN titer under 1 : 2 was 98.4%. Protein analysis of the antigens by SDS-PAGE indicated that antigen I and antigen III showed a specific band of polypeptides with molecular weight of 116 K in comparison with the control antigen. Antigen IV, treated with tween-80 and ammonium sulfate, revealed specific polypeptides bands at the molecular weights 45K, 98K and 150 K.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1989

The changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin levels, and BVD, IBR and PI-3 viral neutralizing antibody titers in colostrum-conferred Korean native calves during the first 12 weeks postpartum were studied, and the results obtained were summerized as follows: The Mean concentration of total protein, total immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM and IgA in sera of 9 calves at birth were $3.8{\pm}0.5g/dl$, $0.27{\pm}0.15mg/ml$, $0.06{\pm}0.08mg/ml$, $0.21{\pm}0.11mg/ml$, and extremely low concentration, respectively. Serum total protein level reached a maximum at 20 hours after birth, total immunoglobulin, IgG, and IgM levels at 24 hours, and IgA level at 28 hours, respectively. Serum IgA level reached a minimum at 4 weeks old, IgM level at 5 weeks, total immunoglobulin level at 8 weeks, and IgG level at 10 weeks, respectively. After then those levels had begun to increase, but total protein level was still decreasing at 12 weeks old. The half-lives of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 21.1 days, 4.0 days, and 2.6 days-respectively. In 10 Korean native cows immediately after parturition, serum neutralizing antibody titers specific to BVD, IBR and PI-3 virus were $8.7{\pm}1.5{\log}_2$, $5.7{\pm}1.2{\log}_2$, and $6.8{\pm}1.01{\log}_2$, respectively. And colostral neutralizing antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were $10.1{\pm}1.4{\log}_2$, $6.8{\pm}1.3{\log}_2$ and $7.8{\pm}1.7{\log}_2$, respectively. Before suckling the colostrum, SN antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were undetectable from all of 9 Korean native calves. Nevertheless SN antibody titer against BVD virus reached a maximum level ($9.2{\pm}0.6{\log}_2$) at 24 hours after birth, that against IBR virus ($6.1{\pm}1.0{\log}_2$) at 20 hours after birth, and that against PI-3 virus ($6.8{\pm}0.9{\log}_2$) at 32 hours after birth, respectively. In 12 weeks old calves, the SN antibodies against BVD and IBR virus were still decreasing, but that against PI-3 virus reached a minimum at 10 weeks, and increased after 12 weeks of age. The half-lives of SN antibodies against BVD, PI-3 and IBR, virus were 16.0 days, 22.6 days, and 25.5 days, respectively.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The results from a total of 412 blood samples consisted of 187 samples from regular visiting group (RV), 94 samples from first visiting group (FV), 52 samples from abandoned group (A), 54 samples from special breeder group (SB), and 25 samples from preliminary breeder group (PB) showed that RV(94.7%) and SB(88.9%) groups had the higher levels of protective antibody, but PB (36.0%) group revealed the lowest level. Among 96 blood samples with lower protective antibody levels, 14 samples (14.6%), 72 samples (75.0%) and 10 samples (10.4%) were below the protective antibody levels to distemper/parvo-virus, distemper only and parvovirus only, respectively. These results implied that antibody to parvovirus was well generated than that to distemper. Eighty six samples (20.9%) showed the protective antibody titer under 1:96 to distemper and 24 samples (5.8%), the protective antibody titer under 1:40 to parvovirus.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1985

Hog cholera serum neutralizing antibody of piglets and sows were titrated by means of END SN method. The piglets of a variety of ages, precolostrally immunized with LOM living HC vaccine were subjected to the test. The sows were vaccinated with lapinized living HC vaccine after 25 days from the parturition. Throughout the studies the following results were obtained and summarised. 1. Hog cholera antibody titers of inbred sows immunized with lapinized living HC vaccine after 25 days from parturition were high except Hampshire group(Table 2). 2. Sows, different stage of the pregnancy or the day of parturition, and of 3 way crossed, that were immunized with lapinized living HC vaccine have shown no significant difference on HC antibody titer(Table 2, 3). 3. HC antibody titers of piglets, immunized with a single dose of LOM HC vaccine before feeding colostrum, were high in case of the younger group(1 week) compare to the older(7 week) (Table 4). 4. The piglets that were booster immunized with LOM HC vaccine at the age of 7 weeks have shown an inconsistent antibody titers(Table 5).

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 1992

In order to establish and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to ILTV, field virus strain of ILTV was propagated in chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonated eggs. purified and used as antigen. The antisera selected from the field samples and immunized chickens based on serum neutralization test were used as the standard positive and negative sera in all tests. It was found that optimal antigen concentration was $2{\mu}g$ of protein per well and a 1 : 100 dilution of standard serum showed low background optical density with negative serum and high P/N values of positive sera. A 1 : 500 dilution of the rabbit anti-chicken IgG peroxidase conjugate produced a high P/N values and thirty minutes was chosen as suitable time to read the optical density of the enzyme substrate reaction and optical density was consistent during the 16 hours after stopper was treated. When coated antigen was kept on microplate for varying time up to 16 hours at $4^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C,$ no significant difference was observed between the treatment. The coated antigen could be kept without change of antigenicity for at least one month at $-70^{\circ}C,\; -20^{\circ}C,\; 4^{\circ}C$ and room temperature. When blocking buffer contanining bovine serum albumin was mixed directly with conjugate and serum at 10% level induced higher P/N values compared to blocking antigen coated microplate with the same blocking buffer. The coefficience of correlation between ELISA and SN test was 0.577. When antibody response of chickens, vaccinated with ILTV, was examined by ELISA and SN test, antibody rising and decay pattern between the two test was similar until 11 weeks of age. However 12 weeks onward antibody titer checked on by SN test was slightly lower than that tested by ELISA.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and rotaviruses are considered as the most important causative agents of diarrhea in piglets. The study established 3 method vaccination programs to prevent PEDV. A (LL)group inoculated twice vaccinations on 2-weeks-interval during the late term of pregnant sows with PEDV live vaccine. The B (LKK) group was applied that one time single PEDV live vaccine at the pre-mate followed by the TGEV PEDV combined inactivated vaccine (twice vaccination on 2-weeks interval at the third-trimester). C (KK) group was applied to sow which inoculated twice vaccination on 2-weeks-interval during the late term of pregnant sows with by the TGEV, PEDV combined inactivated vaccine. As the result of SN test on sows in the pig farm before vaccination, antibody titers was showed 9/45 (20.0%). By comparison with the serum neutralizing antibody titers against PEDV of the vaccination programs after PEDV of the vaccination, A group and B group vaccination method was higher than those of C group in sows. In the piglets up to 2 weeks of age, A group was showed antibody titers of 17/22 (81.8%) that showed 2-128, and B group was showed antibody titers of 30/37 (81.1%) that showed 2-512, and C group was showed antibody titers of 14/28 (50.0%) that showed 2-32. On the other hand, PEDV antibody titers were tested for the survey. As the results of SN test, Aujeszky's disease survey in 54 pig farms from november 2005 to august 2006, antibody titers of 47/286 (16.4%) showed above 2. Five breeding farms were antibody titers of 38/77 (49.4%), Wanggung zone farms antibody titers of 59/85 (69.4%). In pigs farms vaccinated the first of twice PEDV live vaccine, and after 6 month, the second of twice TGEV PEDV combined inactivated vaccine (LLKK, 256-1024 titer) method was higher than those of vaccinated twice the early term of pregnant, and twice the late term of pregnant sows of PEDV live vaccine (LLLL, 32 titer).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

In the present study toxicity and immunostimulating activity of the lectin(KML-C), which was extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) were investigated in swine. To determine the toxicity, lectin was injected into thigh or cervical muscles of 4-week-old piglets(Landrace) and observed clinically and pathologically. For determination of the immnunostimulating activity, lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV)(NYJ1-87) which was inactivated by 0.2% formalin was injected into the cervical muscle of antibody-negative piglets in the same age group. Subpopulation of the immune cells and serum neutralizing(SN) antibodies in the piglets were examined after vaccination, and resistance of the piglets against challenge by virulent NYJ1-87 was further examined. The results were also compared with those from piglets injected with aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccine of inactivated NYJ1-87 and NYJ1-87 vaccine without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. By injection of lectin with $30{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets died after signs such as dyspnea, fever, systemic erythema and subcutaneous hemorrhages, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with $7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets showed signs such as edema and cutaneous hemorrhage in the injected area, lameness and depression, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with 1, 3 and $5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle of each one piglet, signs such as congestion, induration and grayish coloration in the injected area, depression and inappetence were observed in all piglets. Toxic changes were also observed in the liver and kidney of piglets by lectin of 3 and $5{\mu}g$. By injection of lectin with 0.5 and $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the cervical muscle of each 9 piglets, all piglets were clinically normal and there were no significant changes in blood counts and chemistry values. Whereas, epithelial swelling and vacuolation of convoluted tubules were observed from one piglet injected with lectin of $0.7{\mu}g$, and necrosis and fibrosis of muscular fiber were observed in the muscle of one piglet injected with lectin of $0.5{\mu}g$. Only population of sIgM+ B lymphocytes increased among immune cells in all of 15 piglets immunized with lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine, while compared to those in $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine and vaccine without adjuvant. No additional stimulation to the immune cells was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. In piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine, SN titers in reciprocal values for loge were 1.3-4.0 at 1-4 weeks after vaccination, which was similar to those with 1.0-3.3 by vaccine without adjuvant but lower than those with 2.0-5.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Also, no additional increase in the SN titers was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine were resistant to challenge by the virulent NYJ1-87 at 4 weeks after vaccination, and the SN titers reached to 5.0 one week after challenge, which was higher than those with 4.0 by vaccine without adjuvant but somewhat lower than those with 7.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 우리나라 실정에 맞는 개 디스템퍼에 대한 예방접종 프로토콜을 마련하기 위하여, 국내에서 사용 중인 4종류의 상업용 백신과 3 가지의 예방접종 스케줄에 따른 강아지의 면역형성 능력을 비교 평가하였다. 생후 6주령에 예방접종을 실시하기 위하여 동물병원에 내원한 120두의 강아지를 4종류의 백신[C, G, K, V (또는 V3)군]과 예방접종 스케줄(2, V4 군)에 따라 20두씩 임의배치 하여 C, G, K, V(또는 3)군은 3주 간격으로 3회(6, 9, 12주), V2 군은 5회(6, 8, 10, 12, 14주), V4 군은 3회(6, 10, 14주)에 피하로 예방접종을 실시하였다. 초유를 섭취한 7마리 강아지의 모체이행 항체의 소장상태를 확인한 결과 모체이행항체는 생후 6주령에 방어수준 이하로 떨어졌다. 백신에 따른 면역형성능에서 V 백신의 면역형성 능력이 다른 백신보다 우수하였으며 백신 종류에 따라 면역형성 능력에 차이가 인정되어 사용되는 백신의 효능을 주기적으로 평가하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 가장 효과적인 예방접종 스케줄은 6주령에 예방접종을 시작하여 3주 간격으로 3회 접종하는 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 예방접종을 실시한 모든 군의 대부분의 강아지는 생후 9주령까지 항체가 수준이 방어수준 이하로 나타나 개 디스템퍼의 감염을 예방하기 위하여 이 시기까지는 감영위험성이 높은 곳에 노출되는 것을 피해야 할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 최근 국내에서 발병하는 개 디스템퍼(CD)의 역학적 조사를 위하여 2002년 2월부터 2002년 10월까지 강원도, 경기도와 서울특별시의 10개 동물병원 수의사에 의하여 CD에 감염된 것으로 잠정진단된 315마리의 개를 대상으로 하였다. 개체의 신상자료와 임상증상을 조사하였으며 CD를 확진하기 위하여 혈액의 단핵구나 결막 상피세포에서 CDV의 NP gene을 RT-PCR로 증폭하였다. CD로 의심되는 총 315마리 중 162마리가 CD 양성으로 진단 되었으며 성별과 종에 따른 발병율에는 차이가 없었다. 나이별 분포는 백신을 접종해야 하는 기간인 6-18주에 가장 높은 분포를 보였으며 1세 이상에서도 소수 발병하였다. CD환축은 호흡기 증상, 위장관 증상, 눈의 증상 등 다양한 증상이 나타나 임상증상에 근거하여 CD를 진단하기에 어려움이 있었다. CD 양성의 개 중 84.6%가 백신을 한번도 맞지 않았거나 예방접종을 제대로 실시되지 않은 상태였으며 CDV에 대한 혈청 중화 항체가는 96.9%의 개가 방어수준 이하인 1:16 이하를 나타내었다. CD 양성 162 마리와 CD음성으로 진단 된 153마리의 혈청 중화 항체가 사이에는 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었으며 (P<0.05), CD 양성 개 중에 생존 한 개들은 폐사한 개들보다 중화 항체가 높은 경향을 보였다. 눈의 증상과 신경증상을 보인 개체들은 다른 개체들에 비해 생존율이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 현재 국내에서 발병하고 있는 개 디스템퍼는 예방접종의 실패에 따라 개들의 항체 수준이 전반적으로 낮은 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단되므로 예방접종에 대한 전반적인 검토가 필요하며 예방을 위하여 감염에 취약한 시기에는 감염원에 접촉을 최소화하는 것이 중요할 것으로 판단되었다.