• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권sup2호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2008

Purpose: This study compared the effects of coating implants with hydroxyapatite (HA) using an ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) method prepared with machined, anodized, sandblasted and large-grit acid etched (SLA) surfaces in minipigs, and verified the excellency of coating method with HA using IBAD. Material and Methods: 4 male Minipigs(Prestige World Genetics, Korea), 18 to 24 months old and weighing approximately 35 to 40 kg, were chosen. All premolars and first molars of the maxilla were carefully extracted on each side. The implants were placed on the right side after an 8 week healing period. The implant stability was assessed by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at the time of placement. 40 implants were divided into 5 groups; machined, anodized, anodized plus IBAD, SLA, and SLA plus IBAD surface implants. 4 weeks after implantation on the right side, the same surface implants were placed on the left side. After 4 weeks of healing, the minipigs were sacrificed and the implants were analyzed by RFA, histology and histometric. Results: RFA showed a mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) of $75.625{\pm}5.021$, $76.125{\pm}3.739$ ISQ and $77.941{\pm}2.947$ at placement, after 4 weeks healing and after 8 weeks, respectively. Histological analysis of the implants demonstrated newly formed, compact, mature cortical bone with a nearby marrow spaces. HA coating was not separated from the HA coated implant surfaces using IBAD. In particular, the SLA implants coated with HA using IBAD showed better contact osteogenesis. Statistical and histometric analysis showed no significant differences in the bone to implant contact and bone density among 5 tested surfaces. Conclusion: We can conclude that rough surface implants coated with HA by IBAD are more biocompatible, and clinical, histological, and histometric analysis showed no differences when compared with the other established implant surfaces in normal bone.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2016

PURPOSE. In this study, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant surface treatment on cell differentiation of osteoblast cells. For this purpose, three surfaces were compared: (1) a modified SLA (MSLA: sand-blasted with large grit, acid-etched, and immersed in 0.9% NaCl), (2) a laser treatment (LT: laser treatment) titanium surface and (3) a laser and acid-treated (LAT: laser treatment, acid-etched) titanium surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The MSLA surfaces were considered as the control group, and LT and LAT surfaces as test groups. Alkaline phosphatase expression (ALP) was used to quantify osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cell. Surface roughness was evaluated by a contact profilometer (URFPAK-SV; Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan) and characterized by two parameters: mean roughness (Ra) and maximum peak-to-valley height (Rt). RESULTS. Scanning electron microscope revealed that MSLA (control group) surface was not as rough as LT, LAT surface (test groups). Alkaline phosphatase expression, the measure of osteoblastic differentiation, and total ALP expression by surface-adherent cells were found to be highest at 21 days for all three surfaces tested (P<.05). Furthermore, ALP expression levels of MSLA and LAT surfaces were significantly higher than expression levels of LT surface-adherent cells at 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively (P<.05). However, ALP expression levels between MSLA and LAT surface were equal at 7, 14, and 21 days (P>.05). CONCLUSION. This study suggested that MSLA and LAT surfaces exhibited more favorable environment for osteoblast differentiation when compared with LT surface, the results that are important for implant surface modification studies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed in order to compare the osseointegration of 4 different surfaced implants in the dog's tibia which has thick dense cortical bone and loose marrow space. Materials & methods: Four mongrel dogs and four different surface types of implants, smooth surfaced AVANA implants, RBM surfaced AVANA implants, HA-coated Steri-Oss implants and SLA Bicon implants, were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 groups on the basis of implant surface characteristics: Control group, RBM group, HA group, and SLA group. Three implants of each group were installed into the metaphysis of tibia of adult dogs. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after implantation. The undecalcified specimens were prepared for histological examination and histomorphometric analysis of implant-bone contact ratios. Results: Radiographically and histologically good osseointegration of implant was observed in the dense cortical bone, but poor osseointegration was observed in the marrow space. Histologically more bone apposition to implant surface was found in rough surfaced groups than the smooth surfaced, Control group. In histomorphometric findings of cortical bone the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (95.4%, p<0.01), RBM group (87.1%, p<0.05), and SLA group (86.0%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (75.9%). In marrow space the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (76.1%, p<0.01) and SLA group (45.4%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (29.6%). The ratio of RBM group was higher than that of Control group but there was no significantly difference between RBM group and Control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the rough surfaced implants can obtain the better osseointegration than the smooth surfaced implant in the cortical and marrow space and that HA-coated implants can obtain the best osseointegration in the marrow space among them.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.136-147
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• 2009

연구목적: 골유착이라는 개념이 도입된 후, 임플란트의 등장은 치과계에 많은 변화를 일으키게 되었다. 임플란트를 이용한 상실치아의 수복은 안정된 시술방법으로 시행되어져 왔으며 그 적용 범위가 확대되었고 사용 빈도도 급격히 증가해왔다. 이에 따라 국산 임플란트의 사용 빈도도 높아지고 그 종류 또한 증가하였으나 장기간의 임상적, 객관적인 자료를 가진 국산 임플란트의 수는 많지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구는 연세대학교 치과대학 병원에 내원한 환자 중 SLA 표면 처리 및 미세나사선을 가진 내측 연결형의 $Implantium^{(R)}$ 임플란트를 이용하여 치료받은 38명의 환자에게 식립된 106개의 임플란트를 대상으로 6개월에서 30개월까지의 임상적, 방사선학적 결과를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 진료기록부를 통해 성별, 연령, 식립 위치, 식립 부위의 골 상태, 식립된 임플란트의 직경 및 길이, 2차수술및골이식여부, 대합치의 유형, 임상적 합병증의 유형 및 빈도 등을 조사하여 그에 따른 분포 및 생존율의 차이와 함께 이들 항목이 변연골 흡수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방사선 사진분석으로 임플란트 식립시, 보철물 장착 후 첫 6개월 내지 1년간, 그 이후 연간 변연골 흡수량을 측정하여 분석하였다. 결과: 1. 총 38명에게 식립된 106개의 임플란트 중 1개가 실패하여 누적 생존율은 99.1%로 나타났다. 2. 보철물 장착 후 최소 6개월 이상 정기검진이 가능했던 96개의 임플란트에서 상악에서의 생존율이 97.0%, 하악에서의 생존율은 100%였고, 구치부에서의 생존율은 98.9%였으며 전치부에서의 생존율은 100%였다. 3. 보철물 장착 후 첫 1년간의 변연골 흡수량은 평균 0.17 mm 이었으며, 1년 이후의 연간 변연골 흡수량은 평균 0.04 mm로 통계학적으로 유의차 있게 적은 골소실량을 나타내었다(P<.05). 4. 보철물 장착 후 첫 1년간 연령에 따른 변연골 흡수량의 차이는 보이지 않았으나(P>.05), 1년 이후의 정기 검진 기간에서 50세 이상의 환자에서 50세 미만의 환자보다 큰 연간 변연골 흡수량을 보였다(P<.05). 5. 성별 간, 악궁 간, 전치부와 구치부위 간, 2차 수술 및 골 이식 여부, 보철물의 유형, 대합치의 유형에 따른 변연골 흡수량의 차이는 보이지 않았다(P>.05). 결론: 이상의 결과를 토대로 변연골 흡수량에 영향을 주는 요소로 연령을 들 수 있었으며 성별, 악궁 간, 악궁 내 위치, 2차 수술 및 골 이식 여부, 보철물의 유형, 대합치의 유형에 따른 변연골 흡수량의 차이는 없었다. 본 연구에서 최대 30개월까지의 기간 동안 SLA 표면 처리 및 미세나사선을 가진 내측 연결형의 국산 임플란트의 임상적인 성공률은 만족스러운 결과를 보였으며 변연골 흡수량도 임플란트 성공 기준에 부합하였다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.114-114
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• 2016

임플란트로 널리 사용되고 있는 타이타늄 금속 표면을 처리하여 골융합 접촉 면적을 증가시키기 위한 다양한 방법들이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 마이크로 단위의 거칠기가 형성된 표면에 나노패턴화된 나노 거칠기를 전기화학적으로 형성시키는 방식(ENF: Electrochemical Nanopattern Formation)을 소개한다. SLA 표면처리 된 임플란트 표면에 100nm 수준의 나노패턴화된 그릿을 기존의 마이크로 그릿의 손상 없이 고르게 형성시켜 표면적을 극대화 할 수 있다. 이를 임플란트의 새로운 표면처리기술로 응용하기 위하여 기존의 표면처리기술과 비교분석하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1869-1872
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• 2003

As SLA(Sterealithography), SLS(Selective Laser Sintering), LOM(Laminated Object Manufacturing), FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling) etc. The FDM system the heart of a study and is developed by Stratasys co. ltd, in US., is small and cheap R.P. The material filament is heated until the material reaches a near-liquid state, it is pumped through a nozzle and become hand with a shape required, and this nozzle move pumping on the previously deposited material. Such FDM system that choice deposition type with X-Y plouter obtain in the thin continue layer by decreasing amount of extrusion or to central the injection amount when the head slow down at the corner, but in the process that fusion wax or resin become hand, deformation occur and it will affect the shape accuracy and the surface roughness. Such effect will depreciate quality and reliability of the product. Therefore, when the product made in actuality, the fundamental study on the basis geometry(surface, volume, line, angle) must be preceded and it have been research by many Free Form Fabrication. So, this basic object study purpose to obtain the fundamental geometry data and to enhance the surface roughness of the shape. And an operant can use the data for the progress of the surface roughness. This study research the estimation and application of the prototype surface roughness by adjustment the injection amount. And basie of this research, describe the pattern of prototype surface roughness and also used the result to estimate the surface of prototype.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2004

Background: Crestal bone loss known as saucerization is a frequently observed phenomenon. Recent studies have shown that implants with micothreaded crest module reduced the force concentration in the crestal region thus resulting in no or reduced crestal bone loss. This study presents a clinical, histologic, and histometric evaluation of implants with microthreaded crest module and SLA surface. Methods: The implants were placed in the mandible of 5 beagle dogs weighing 10-15kg. Four premolars were bilaterally extracted 8 weeks prior to implant placement. Mucoperiosteal flap was elevated and drilling with increasing diameter was performed under saline irrigation. After countersinking 2 implants were placed in each side resulting in 4 implants per dog. Healing period of 8 weeks was allowed before sacrificing the animals. Histologic preparation was performed for histologic and histometric analysis. Bone to implant contact as well as percentage of bone area inside threads were measured. T-test was used for statistical analysis with pvalue p<0.05. Results: 1. Healing was uneventful without any cover screw exposure. New bone formation around the implants was observed without any inflammatory infiltration. 2. Bone to implant contact in the microthread and thread were 43.90 ${\pm}$ 20.30 %, and 53.19 ${\pm}$ 20.97 % respectively. The overall bone to implant contact was 48.54 ${\pm}$ 20.95 %. 3. Percentage of bone area inside threads were 54.43 ${\pm}$ 10.39 %, and 38.44 ${\pm}$ 16.44 % for the microthread and thread respectively. There was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). The overall percentage of bone area inside threads was 46.67 ${\pm}$ 15.68 %.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2009

Xenotransplantation of pig organs into humans is a potential solution for the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. However, multiple immune barriers preclude its clinical application. In particular, the initial type of rejection in xenotransplantation is an acute cellular rejection by host $CD8^+$ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells that react to donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein Unique Short (US) 2 specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains to relocate them from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the cytosol, where they are degraded by the proteasome. In this study we transfected the US2 gene into minipig fetal fibroblasts and established four US2 clonal cell lines. The integration of US2 into transgenic fetal cells was confirmed using PCR and Southern blot assay. The reduction of Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)-I by US2 was also detected using Flow cytometry assay (FACS). The FACS analysis of the US2 clonal cell lines demonstrated a substantial reduction in SLA-I surface expression. The level (44% to 76%) of SLA-I expression in US2 clonal cell lines was decreased relative to the control. In cytotoxicity assay the rate of $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly reduced to 23.8${\pm}$15.1% compared to the control (59.8${\pm}$8.4%, p<0.05). In conclusion, US2 can directly protect against $CD8^+$-mediated cell lysis. These results indicate that the expression of US2 in pig cells may provide a new approach to overcome the CTL-mediated immune rejection in xenotransplantation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2014

Purpose: This study compares the prognosis (the survival rate and marginal bone loss) of resorbable blasting media (RBM) surface implants and sandblasting with large-grit and acid-etching (SLA) surface implants in the early loading. Methods: This study targeted 123 patients treated by implants installation from January 2008 to March 2010. The loading was initiated in the maxilla within three to four months and in the mandible within one to two months. The types of restoration were single crown and fixed partial prosthesis. Those functioned over one year. The implants were classified by the surface of implants as Group 1: RBM surface (GS III; OSSTEM, Busan, Korea) and, Group 2: SLA surface (Superline; Dentium, Seoul, Korea). The groups were categorized by maxilla and mandible and compared by survival rate, marginal bone loss through clinical records evaluation, and radiographic measurements. Results: The marginal bone loss in the maxilla was $0.14{\pm}0.34mm$ (Group 1) and $0.30{\pm}0.37mm$ (Group 2), a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). In the mandible those were $0.28{\pm}0.54mm$ (Group 1) and $0.20{\pm}0.33mm$ (Group 2), not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference of marginal bone loss between maxilla and mandible by groups. During observation there was no implant failure, a survival rate of 100%. Conclusion: Both surfaces showed an excellent survival rate, and the marginal bone loss was not substantial.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

Purpose: The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminium and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation on sand-blasted, large grit, acid-etched (SLA) implant surface microstructure according to varying energy levels and application times of the laser. Methods: The implant surface was irradiated by the Er:YAG laser under combined conditions of 100, 140, or 180 mJ/pulse and an application time of 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, or 2 minutes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface roughness of the specimens. Results: All experimental conditions of Er:YAG laser irradiation, except the power setting of 100 mJ/pulse for 1 minute and 1.5 minutes, led to an alteration in the implant surface. SEM evaluation showed a decrease in the surface roughness of the implants. However, the difference was not statistically Significant. Alterations of implant surfaces included meltdown and flattening. More extensive alterations were present with increasing laser energy and application time. Conclusions: To ensure no damage to their surfaces, it is recommended that SLA implants be irradiated with an Er:YAG laser below 100 mJ/pulse and 1.5 minutes for detoxifying the implant surfaces.