• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1077-1084
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• 2024

Objective: The present work was conducted to evaluate suitable variables and develop prediction equations using chemical composition and physical characteristics for estimating standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (Lys) in full-fat soybeans (FFSB). Methods: The chemical composition and physical characteristics were determined including trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), urease activity (UA), protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide (KOH), protein dispersibility index (PDI), lysine to crude protein ratio (Lys:CP), reactive Lys:CP ratio, neutral detergent fiber, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), acid detergent fiber, L* (lightness), and a* (redness). Pearson's correlation (r) was computed, and the relationship between variables was determined by linear or quadratic regression. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to develop prediction equations for SID of Lys. Results: Negative correlations (p<0.01) between SID of Lys and protein quality indicators were observed for TIA (r = -0.80), PDI (r = -0.80), and UA (r = -0.76). The SID of Lys also showed a quadratic response (p<0.01) to UA, NDIN, TIA, L*, KOH, a* and Lys:CP. The best-fit model for predicting SID of Lys in FFSB included TIA, UA, NDIN, and ADIN, resulting in the highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.94). Conclusion: Quadratic regression with one variable indicated the high accuracy for UA, NDIN, TIA, and PDI. The multiple linear regression including TIA, UA, NDIN, and ADIN is an alternative model used to predict SID of Lys in FFSB to improve the accuracy. Therefore, multiple indicators are warranted to assess either insufficient or excessive heat treatment accurately, which can be employed by the feed industry as measures for quality control purposes to predict SID of Lys in FFSB.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2013

박테리오파지 P2 sir 변이체는 그것의 위성파지인 박테리오 파지 P4를 위해 비효율적인 도움파지로 알려졌다. 이러한 현상을 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"이라고 부르고 있으며, P2와 P4의 cos 지역에서의 DNA 염기배열 순서 차이가 이러한 현상을 나타나게 한다고 생각되었다. 이를 검증하기 위해, 여러 단계의 in vitro DNA 조작을 거쳐 P2의 cos 지역을 함유하는 유도체 P4인 P4 sid71 cosP2를 조성하였다. 일단계 생장 실험을 통해 그것의 후손 방출량을 결정하였다. 그 결과는, P4 sid71 cosP2에서 P4의 cos 지역을 P2의 cos 지역으로 대체한 것이 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"을 극복한 것으로 나타났다. P2 야생형과 P2 sir 돌연변이형을 도움파지로 삼아 준비한 P4 sid71 cosP2 파지 농축액들을 CsCl 부양 균등밀도 편차실험으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 양 경우 모두 3개의 P4 유전체를 가진 파지 입자가 우세한 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2021

Wrist PA-grip view는 주변 인대들의 손상을 쉽게 진단할 수 있기 때문에 삼각섬유연골 파열 진단에 시행한다. 그러나 의료장비 기술의 발전에도 불구하고 기하학적 요소에 따른 영상의 왜곡은 아직까지도 많은 제한점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 정확한 Wrist PA-grip view 검사를 위해 현재 사용되고 있는 검사방법에서 발생되는 왜곡을 분석하여 영상의 왜곡을 최소한으로 감소시킬 수 있는 검사방법을 제시하고자 한다. Wrist PA-grip view를 재현하기 위하여 인체모형 팬텀을 사용하였고 source of image distance (SID)는 110 cm와 임의로 정해놓은 130 cm, 150 cm로 설정하였다. 각 SID에 따라서 손목 팬텀을 x축 방향 및 y축 방향으로 각각 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 cm 이동하였다. 정량적 평가를 하기 위해 손목 팬텀의 이동 시 마다 자뼈와 노뼈의 먼쪽관절면의 거리의 차이를 picture archiving and communication system (PACS) system을 통해 측정하였다. 정성적 평가로는 방사선사 20명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. SID에 따라 나뉜 세 그룹 간의 x축과 y축 방향의 움직임에 따른 왜곡도를 비교하기 위해 Kruskal Wallis test 통계기법을 시행하였으며 사후검정으로 Tukey test를 시행하였다. 정량적 평가 결과에서 x축 방향으로 이동하여 얻은 측정값은 모든 그룹에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). y축 방향으로 이동하여 얻은 측정값은 대부분의 그룹에서 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). 영상에서 왜곡이 임상적 진단과 수술에 많은 영향을 미치는 검사의 경우, 보다 정확한 진단을 위해 영상 후처리로 영상의 질을 유지하는 한도 내에서 기존의 SID인 110 cm 보다는 150 cm에서 검사하여 왜곡을 감소시키기를 제안하는 바이다.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.1163-1166
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• 2007

핸드오버가 발생하는 이동망 환경에서 주요 이슈 중 하나는 핸드오버 후 MN(Mobile Node)의 트래픽이 전송될 새로운 경로 상에 자원 재예약을 위한 지연 시간을 최소화하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 데이터 전달 경로가 변경된 경로에서만 자원예약 시그널링이 이루어지도록 CRN(Crossover Node)을 발견하는 것이 중요하다. 이동망 환경에서 자원 재예약을 위한 CRN은 SID(Session ID)를 이용하여 발견될 수 있다. 그러나 HMIPv6 네트워크에서 MAP(Mobility Anchor Point)과 HA(Home Agent)간 군집(Aggregate) 자원 예약이 이루어진 경우에서는 SID를 이용하여 CRN을 발견할 수 없다. 왜냐하면, MN의 핸드오버 후, 종단간 SID는 동일할지라도 이전 MAP과 HA간 설립된 세션의 군집 SID가 새로운 MAP과 HA간 설립된 세션의 군집 SID와 다르기 때문이다. 이에, 본 논문에서는 HMIPv6 네트워크에서의 CRN 발견방안을 제안한다. 제안하는 방안에서는 시그널링 메시지에 이전 군집 세션 정보를 포함하여 전달함으로서 시그널링 메시지가 목적지까지 도달하기 전에 CRN이 발견될 수 있도록 하였다. 제안하는 방안은 군집 자원예약이 갖는 시그널링 및 플로우별 상태 정보 감소 효과를 그대로 유지하면서, MN의 핸드오버 후, 자원 재예약을 위한 지연 시간을 단축시킴으로서 통신 성능을 향상 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.895-905
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• 1999

This paper identifies a linear time-invariant mathematical model of each stand of a five-stand tandem cold mill to design a robust $H_\infty$ thickness controller by applying input and output data sets to N4SID (Numerical algorithms for Subspace State Space System Identification) method. The input-output data sets describe interstand interference in the process of tandem cold rolling and are obtained from a nonlinear simulator of the tandem cold mill. In result, it is shown that the identified model well approximates the nonlinear model than a Taylor linearized model. Furthermore, uncertainties including roll eccentricity and incoming strip variation are quantitatively analyzed from the plot of maximum singular values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods: A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weaned at $28{\pm}4days$ of age ($8.79{\pm}0.02kg$ body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results: Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma ${\alpha}-keto$ isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain ${\alpha}-keto$ acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1987-1994
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying standardized ileal digestible lysine:threonine (SID Lys:Thr) ratio in the diet on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Methods: In total 192 crossbred pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, 17 weeks old), with an initial body weight (BW) of 70.6±3.9 kg were used in an 8-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments based on their initial BW and sex (8 replications; 4 pigs per pen, 2 barrows and 2 gilts). The pigs in the 6 treatments were fed diets having different SID Lys:Thr ratios such as 1:0.65, 1:0.66, 1:0.67, 1:0.68, 1:0.69, and 1:0.70. Results: A linear increment (p<0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and trends in reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed during day 29 to 56 of the experiment and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter tended to increase linearly (p = 0.094) at the end of the experiment (day 56) with the increase in the dietary SID Lys:Thr ratios. The backfat thickness and lean percentage increased (linear effect, p<0.05) on day 28. In addition, at day 56, a linear (p<0.05) increment in lean percentage was observed. Significant quadratic responses (p = 0.02) for pH and drip loss at day 7 (p = 0.02), a linear increase (p<0.05) in cooking loss and drip loss at day 7, and a trend in quadratic response (p = 0.07) in the lightness of meat color (L^*) were observed, whereas other meat quality indices were unaffected by varying the SID Lys:Thr ratios. Conclusion: The SID Lys:Thr ratio for maximum ADG, minimum FCR and enhanced digestibility was found to be 0.70. However, for carcass trait and meat quality, the SID Lys:Thr ratio of 0.65 was enough.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1974-1980
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of copra meal (CM) with β-mannanase supplementation. Methods: Twenty barrows (initial body weight: 34.43±0.11 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were: i) NC, negative control, corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diet, ii) PC, positive control, basal diet + 0.10% β-mannanase supplementation (800 IU/kg), iii) CM6, PC diet with 6% CM supplementation, iv) CM12, PC diet with 12% CM supplementation, and v) CM18, PC diet with 18% CM supplementation. A nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA for SID calculation. All experimental diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Each period consisted of a 4-d diet adaptation period and a 3-d ileal digesta collection period. Results: There were no differences in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of all AA between the NC and PC treatments except that the PC treatment had lower AID and SID of glycine than the NC treatment (p<0.05). There were linear decreases in AID and SID of lysine (p<0.05) and aspartic acid (p = 0.06; tendency) with increasing levels of CM in the diets with β-mannanase. Conclusion: The β-mannanase supplementation had no effect on AA digestibility in pigs fed the corn-SBM based diet but increasing levels of CM reduced SID of lysine and aspartic acid.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2008

SA는 천연 페놀 화합물로써 식물체가 생성하는 호르몬 중의 하나이다. SA는 특히 병저항성, 생물학적, 비생물학적 스트레스로 인해 합성이 촉진되며 식물 방어 기작을 일으킨다고 알려져 있다. 식물의 방어 기작은 바로 식물에서 얻어지는 생산량에 영향을 미치기 때문에 SA에 대한 연구가 많이 되어져 왔다. 하지만 SA를 이해하기에는 아직까지 많은 연구가 필요 되어 지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 애기장대에서 SA 생합성하는데 중요한 효소인 SID2가 병저항성이 강한 siz1-2 돌연변이체와 야생형에서 어떠한 조절의 차이를 보이는 지를 SID2 promoter에 의해서 조절되는 GUS와 LUC를 가진 각각의 형질전환 식물체를 통하여 관찰하였다. GUS의 발현을 GUS histochemical assay, GUS enzyme assay 그리고 LUC의 발현을 CCD 카메라를 이용한 이미지 촬영과 Luciferase enzyme assay 수행한 결과, siz1-2를 사용한 형질전환 식물체에서 야생형에 비해 발현이 높게 일어났다. 이것을 바탕으로 SA에 반응하는 유전자들의 발현이 siz1-2 돌연변이체에서는 높은 이유가 SID2의 발현이 높게 조절 받기 때문이라는 것을 SID2 promoter:GUS::LUC/siz1-2 형질전환 식물체를 통해 알 수 있었다.