• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-381
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present the way to restore the Seonheulgot pasture-grassland damaged by landuse and interference for a long time to evergreen broad-leaved forests as the native vegetation structure. As a result of analyzing ecological succession tendency of structure in survey area, we established the optimal restoration model. The total of survey sites were 26, and the classified plant community types were four types by M.I.P of dominant woody species. Finally we classified the four types based on diameter of dominant woody species in canopy layer. The six community types are as follows: Community I was runner-shrub forest, community II was evergreen broad-leaved shrub forest, and community III was evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter. Community IV and V were evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter. Community Ⅵ was evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The number of constituent species was 24 in community I, 28 in community II as the shrub forest, 16 as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter, 29 in community III, 30 in community IV as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter and 27 in community Ⅵ as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The range of Shannon's index of all communitys was from 0.8763 to 1.2630 and the Similarity index between the community composed of middle diameter woody species and large diameter woody species. The ecological succession of community I, II, and III were changed from pasture-grassland to broad-leaved forest and the structure of community IV, V, and Ⅵ was similar to evergreen broad-leaved forest in warm temperate region. We suggest the restoration planting model evergreen broad-leaved forest of in Seonheulgot pasture-grassland, as follows: The target restoration vegetation were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community and Queycus glauca community. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Quercus glauca should be dominant woody species in canopy layer, the number of trees was 10 per 100$m^2$, and Castanopsis cuspidata var, sievoldii, Quercus glauca, Camellia japonica, and Eurya japonica should be dominant woody species in the understory layer, the number of trees was 14 per 100$m^2$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2010

This study was carried out to suggest the basic data of planting method for construction of buffer green space based on the land use in case of reclaimed land by analyzing land structure, planting concept, and planting structure in buffer green space, Rokko Island, Kobe, Japan. Rokko Island(total area: 580ha) is divided into port and logistics industry area and urban area by constructing the box type large-scale buffer green space. The land structure of buffer green space were biased mounding type, parallel mounding type, and complex mounding type. The width of buffer green space was 50meters in case of northern area, from 28 to 32meters in case of eastern area, and 37.5meters in case of western area, and the slope of that was from 18 to 25 degrees and the height of that was from 2 to 15meters. There were applied landscape and buffer planting concept on the sea side area of northern buffer green space, on the other hand landscape and shade planting concept on the Inner city side area of that. According to the result of planting structure analysis of northern buffer green space, the main woody species were those of deciduous-evergreen species grow in warm-temperate forest zone such as Quercus glauca, Cinnamomum camphora, Machilus thunbergii, Elaeagnus maritima. The results of maximum number of species and planting density by $100mm^2$ was that 9 species 22 individuals in canopy layer, 9 species 15 individuals in understory layer, 3 species 67 individuals in shrub layer, and 14 species 104 individuals in total. The plant coverage of northern buffer green space based on the ecological planting method was from 69 to 139% in case of canopy layer, from 26 to 38% in case of understory layer, from 6 to 7% in case of shrub layer, and from 101 to 184% in total. Index of plant crown volume of northern buffer green space based on the ecological planting method was from 1.40 to $3.12m^3/m^2$ in case of canopy layer, from 0.43 to $0.55m^3/m^2$ in case of understory layer, $0.06m^3/m^2$ in case of shrub layer, and from 1.89 to $3.73m^3/m^2$ in total.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1987

This study was conducted to find out the fundamentals for proper use of Planting system in the elementary school landscape. For this study, 70 text books were applied to quote the plants, planting situation of 15 elementary schools was surveyed, and 1,464 questionnaires were collected. The resultes and some proposals obtained are summarised as follows ; 1. Total of 177 plant species were quoted over all text books of the elementary school course. Among them, the woody species showed the highest in number with 58 and herbaceous were the next with 30, the other were vegetable of 29, food crops, weeds, industrial ornamentals crops and water plants in order. They were common species in this country and were easy to cultivate except few. 2. 210 species were planted at the 15 elementary schools in Mokpo. It was constituted of 77 of herbaceous species and 133 of woody species but localized Plants were little. The herbaceous plant frequently used were Chrysanthemum morifolium, Targests erecta, Salvia splendens, Petunia hybrida, Cosmos bipinnatus, Celosia cristata, Canna generalis, et. On the other hand in the woody species Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, Cerdus deodora, Camellia japonica, and in the shrub Serissa japonica, Thuja orientalis, Euonymus japonica, Buxus mrcrophylla var. koreana etc in order. Almost the same species of woody plants described above were planted in zone of I -IV. Therefore, many problems were found in aspect of aesthetics, and their function and growth. There was much differences in number of species and quantity of plants in each elementary school. However they were not associated with school size, location, and age of schools. Most of elementary schools did not have same the plants as they were represented in text brooks. Therefore, in view of educational purpose it needs to plant more species which quoted in text books.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

Recognizing the importance of the multi-purpose management of natural deciduous forest, this study was carried out to implement the partial cutting for stand regulation to examine agroforestry practice as well as other concurrent forest resource production, and to investigate the changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced natural deciduous stand in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different partial cutting intensities (68.1%, 48.6%, and control) were performed in the unmanaged natural deciduous stand in order to improve the growing condition, especially light condition, for introducing some commercial herbaceous plants on the forest floor to establish agroforestry and/or silvopastoral system. Dominated by Quercus varibilis Blume (50.5%) and Quercus dentata Thum. ex Murray (42.6%), eight tree species were composed of the study forest, including poles of Pinus desiflora Siebold & Zucc and sapling of Pinus Koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. The total of 87 (13 tree species, 12 shrub species, 58 herbaceous species, and 4 woody climbers) vascular plant species were observed in study site after partial cutting treatments, while that of before partial cutting was 53 species (14 tree species, 8 shrubs species, 30 herbaceous species, and 1 woody climbers). The proportion of life form spectra in plot B was Mi (28.4%)-Na (23.0%)-Ge (17.5%)-Ch (10.8%)-He (9.5%)-MM (6.7%)-Th (4.1%). No statistically significant differences were observed in changes of life form spectra from before to after partial cutting treatment and among partial cutting gradients in this study. Partial cutting and scratching for forage sowing made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and light partial cutting (LPC) plot (500 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those of heavy partial cutting (HPC) plot (310 stems/ha) and control plot (1,270 stems/ha).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

This study investigated the structural characteristics of Taxus cuspidata communities on Mt. Hambaek. The vegetation consisted of 9 species in the T$_1$(tree) layer, 35 species in the T$_2$(subtall tree) layer, 28 species in the S(shrub) layer, and 69 species in the H(herb) layer. The dominant species of the T$_1$ layer was Taxus cuspidata and that of the T$_2$ layer was Acer tschonoskii var, rubripes. The dominant species of the S layer was Tripterygium regelii, and the dominant species of the H layer was Pseudostellaria palibiniana. The diameter distribution of the dominant five species in the T$_1$ and T$_2$ layers indicates that these Taxus cuspidata forests may be gradually dominated by Quercus mangolica and by Tripterygium regelii. The composition of biological type was Ph-D$_1$-R$_{5}$-e.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2013

This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2004

The focus of this study is the promotion of green area volumes and their naturalness, water circulation system, decline of entropy, creation of biological habitats and linkage of separated urban green space. Re-presentative urban biotope survey sites were categorized as urban biotope, semi-natural biotope, and natural forest. In the urban biotope, a residential biotope was constructed near the Han river and in mountain areas. The green-area ratio at the housing complex was about 25%. GVZ(Grunvolumenzahl) was 0.35m$^3$/m$^2$ at the 5∼10-story housing complex, and 1.53m$^3$/m$^2$ over the 11-story. As for the green-area structure of the housing complex, canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer were not differentiated and the green-area volume was not high enough. The green-area ratio of school areas as a public area biotope was 5∼20%. GVZ was 1.12m$^3$/m$^2$ at Myungduk High School, and 1.78m$^3$/m$^2$ at Jeonggok Elementary School. In order to convert the urban biotope into an ecological area, green areas around the buildings should be connected to urban buffer green areas, and multi-layer structures should be established with natural plant species. In the semi-natural biotope, neighbor parks were created park in the vicinity of the natural forests. GVZ was 0.28m$^3$/m$^2$, and plantation was established with single layer structure and was definitely insufficient for the area. The urban buffer green areas have been established in strip corridors with the width of 20∼123m. In those areas, GVZ was 0.16∼0.27m$^3$/m$^2$ and had a deficient canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer. Soil conditions were not favorable for tree growth. In the natural biotope, GVZ of the plantation was 1.03∼1.5m$^3$/m$^2$ but the high crown closure of this area reduces the chance of species change and succession. GVZ of natural forest was 2.53∼2.57m$^3$/m$^2$. It is desirable to plant diverse plants and the natural forest should be succeeded by broad-leaf deciduous tree species. To improve the value of biotope at Kangseo-Gu, building height needs to be limited to reduce the environmental deterioration in the city. In order to maintain the water circulation system, water-permeable material is recommened when the urban surface areas are paved. The establishment of a water circulation system will improve ground water levels, soil moisture, water quality, and habitats. In order to improve biological diversity, it is desirable to have multi-layer structures in urban green areas with native species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2009

We investigated the genetic diversity of an endemic rare species, Forsythia ovata Nakai by examining 93 ISSR amplicons in 84 individuals distributed among five populations. The overall percentage of polymorphic ISSR amplicons was 54.8% and mean number of amplicons per ISSR primer was 6.6. The amount of genetic diversity was relatively lower than other shrub species. The Mt. Seokbyeong and Mt. Seorak B populations had the highest level of genetic diversity. Although the Seokgae-jae population had the lowest level of genetic diversity, the population was genetically the most distinctive from the other populations. About 30.6% of the total variation was allocated between five populations, which was slightly higher than other shrub species. Such a pattern of genetic variation may have resulted from the limited distribution and small population sizes of F. ovata. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance showed some decisive geographic patterns. These results suggest that, in addition to the preservation of the natural stands, the conservation of larger number of populations with small number of individuals per population is more effective for the dynamic ex situ conservation and for maintaining the genetic diversity of F. ovata than smaller number of populations with large number of individuals.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of thinning intensity on the changes of vegetation structure in Japanese Evergreen Oak(Quercus acuta Thunb.) stands in Wando-arboretum. The flora were composed of 24 families, 33 genera, and 36species in thinned sites. The dominant layer of control site showed higher number of plant species than that of treatment sites. On the while, the sub-dominant layer, shrub layer, and herbaceous layer treatment sites showed higher number of plant species than control site. According to the analysis of importance value, Q. acuta in the dominant layer, Q. acuta and Camellia japonica in sub-dominant layer, and Camellia japonica in shrub layer showed the highest importance values, respectively. The importance value of Trachelospermum asiaticum was the highest in the herbaceous layer. According to the results, species diversity was higher in descending order of heavy thinning, light thinning, and control. This result could be explained by increased light transmissions from higher thinning intensity than in other treatments. In this context, the results of this study may be useful for selecting appropriate tending methods in terms of forest management and biodiversity conservation.