• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권2호
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• pp.198-207
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• 2000

전광처리구에서 2-6%의 상대투광량을 보이는 최강피음구까지 총 5수준의 인공피음 처리 하에서 자라는 자작나무, 느티나무, 고로쇠나무, 산벚나무 1년 생 묘목의 수분 특성을 밝히기 위해 기공증산저항과 수분포텐설의 일 변화와 계절 변화를 조사하였다. 활엽수 4종에 대해서 측정한 기공증산저항은 오전 9시에 1.7 ~25.1s/cm, 오후 1시 2.3~33.3s/cm, 오후 5시에 1.1~36.8s/cm의 범위 내에서 수종과 계절에 따라서 피음처리 수준별로 다양한 변화를 보였다. 기공증산저항은 조사된 대부분의 수종에서 피음도가 강해질수록 증가하였으며 6월이나 7월에 비해 9월에 더 높았다. 느티나무, 산벚나무와 고로쇠나무에서는 전광처리구에 비해 최강피음구의 증산저항 측정치가 약 3~4배 높았다. 수분포텐셜 또한 오전 9시에 -0.17~-1.20MPa, 오후 1시 -0.30~-2.03MPa, 오후 5시에 -0.18~-1.34MPa의 범위 내에서 수종과 계절에 따라서 피음처리 수준별로 다양한 변화를 보였다. 수분포텐셜은 조사된 대부분의 수종에서 9월의 측정치가 6월이나 7월의 측정치보다 낮은 값을 보였으며 그 계절적인 차이는 다른 수종에 비해 느티나무에서 현저하게 커지고 있었다. 수분포텐셜은 전광처리구에 비해 최강피음구에서 약 2~3배 더 높았지만 그 차이는 기공증산저항에서 보이는 차이보다는 다소 작은 것으로 분석되었다. 5 수준의 피음도 구배에 따른 수분포텐셜의 차이는 자작나무의 경우에 다른 수종보다 상대적으로 작았다. 내음성이 다소 안정되는 고로쇠나무나 산벚나무에서는 전광처리구에서 상대투광량 22-28% 의 중피음구까지 피음도를 높이면서 한낮을 중심으로 수분포텐셜이 급속하게 증가되었으나 최강피음구에 접근하면서 수분포텐셜의 증가는 둔화되었다. 양수에 속하는 자작나무나 느티나무의 경우에는 전체적으로 피음수준이 높아지면서 수분포텐셜이 점진적으로 증가하였으며 그 증가폭은 자작나무보다는 느티나무에서 더 컸다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2016

Classified into sub-tree of the growth-form, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata hardly reach the uppermost canopy with limited height growth potentiality in the natural deciduous forest. However, the two species usually dominate lower stories of the forest, playing an important role in overall ecological characteristics in the forest. Based on the vegetation data of 106 $20m{\times}20m$ sample plots in Mt. Jumbong area, this study was carried out to evaluate ecological constitution by several quantitative analysis so as to understand the mechanism of the natural deciduous forest. The results indicated that individuals of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata were absent or few in overstory, but emerged the most dominant species in midstory and understory, providing adequate proof of the ecological importance. The comparison of indices of succession between presented and predicted values in midstory did not make much difference, suggesting that the species composition would not change much and come close to steady state in midstory and understory. The pair combination of species association noted that A. pseudosieboldianum had significant positive association with C. cordata, Quercus mongolica, and Tilia amurensis had significant positive association with A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and Fraxinus mandshurica but negative association with F. rhynchophylla. Being compared with other major canopy tree species in the study forest, the target species of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata had strong regeneration strategies, partially characterized by large number of saplings and pole sized trees and high ratio of live crown, which indicated high shade tolerance to survive in the limited amount of light under the canopy. Even though A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata do not reach and occupy the canopy layer mainly due to the inherent growth form, they would have highest competitive potentiality to prosper and dominate in the midstory of the natural deciduous forest.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1993

Experiments were conducted to investigate propagation, shade tolerance, cold resistance and growth rate of evergreen ground cover plants ; Vinca minor K , Ajuga reptans L., Ophiopogon japonicus ker. f nanus hort , and Hedera helix.. The results were as follows : 1.It is convenient to use the growing case for rice seed to grow and transplant Vinca minor seed-ling. The most proper density of transplanting Vinea was 180 plants per 1m$^2$. At the end of growing season, the coverage came up to 90% The rooting ability of Hedera helix was best to cut from April to May (temperature 15~23˚C). The seedling length of Parthenocissus quinguefohlia were irregular and ranged from 5 cm of 200cm. 2. Ajuga reptans L., Ophiopogon j. and Vinca minor L. grew better under 50% light intensity than full sunlight. Particularly, under full sunlight and aestival high temperature, there were a few withering plants in Ajuga reptans L. , and V Vilica minor L. 3. Of Vinca minor K., Ajuga reptans L. , Ophiopogon japonicus ker. f. nanus hort. and Hedera helix. acclimatized in open field, where temperature was from -7~8˚C. There were few plants had damage in low temperature incubator to -16˚C after field acclimatization. 4.Tendrils of Parthenocissus quinguefolia strongly clung to the wire netting stone fence but intruded into the gap and cranny of the precast concrete fence and so clung to, so that it needed to install the bending net on the precast concrete fence.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.875-881
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• 2018

To select fruit trees suitable for shaded urban garden with Elaeagnus umbellata var. coreana, Malus domestica 'Alps Otome', Malus domestica 'Fujii', Prunus mume, Prunus persica for. persica, Rubus fructicosus, and Vaccinium corymbosum 'Reka', leaf growth in response to different light was investigated two years after 35% shade treatment. Leaf area of E. umbellata var. coreana, M. domestica 'Alps Otome', P. mume, P. persica for. persica, and V. corymbosum 'Reka' increased in shading. Fresh weight of leaves make inconsistent response to shading in every species but dry weight of E. umbellata var. coreana and P. persica for. persica showed the highest 150% and 148%, increment, respectively. Althought leaf water content of E. umbellata var. coreana decreased in shading, there is no difference in P. persica for. persica. Chlorophyll value of E. umbellata var. coreana and P. persica for. persica that showed higher than any other species is correlated with dark leaf green. Compared to specific leaf weight of E. umbellata var. coreana, P. persica for. persica, and V. corymbosum 'Reka' showed lower than any other species in shading, that of M. domestica 'Fujii', and R. fructicosus increased in reverse. These results indicate that E. umbellata var. coreana and P. persica for. persica that showed high value in several invesetigaton items are suitable for shady urban condition considering leaf growth in response to shading.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.73-85
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• 1997

Although zoysia grass (Zoysia spp.) has a lot of excellent chracteristics as warm-season grass, it have been limited in use due to slow establishment, low seed production, poor shade tolerance and other factors. Breeding trials have been continued from 1900's, much attentions have been paid especially in U.S.A., Korea and Japan recently. In U.S.A., more than 24 varieties had been evaluated at National Turfgrass Evaluation Program(NTEP) from 1991 to 1995 and some were regsistered as commercial. After the 6th International Turfgrass Research Conference at Japan in 1989, Japan Turfgrass In-corporation (JTI) sponsored by private companies and government carried out breeding programs for pest, salt, and shade tolerant and herbicide resistant varieties. JTI also has been trying to im-prove vigor and breed evergreen zoysia Korean breeders collected germplasms since 1960's. After USDA breeders came to Korean penesula in 1982, Korean breeders joined with USDA zoysia breeding project for several years. Many interspecific hybrids and natural selected varieties were breeded that period both in U.S.A and Korea. Breeding objectives were to extend green color period, improve leaf quality and density, and better leaf color at dormant stage. Since 1990's, zoysia grass breeding trials are getting more diverse in many points such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for ecotype identification. The objectives of this study are to evaluate germplasms in Korea, and also review the present status and future prospect in zoysia grass breeding in the world.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권4호
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• pp.462-469
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• 2007

본 연구는 인위적인 피음처리 수준을 4단계(상대 투광율; 100%, 54~65%, 26~37%, 8~13%)로 조절한 생육환경 하에서 생장시킨 튜울립나무, 거제수나무, 까치박달나무를 대상으로 광합성과 생장 특성을 조사 비교하였다. 튜울립나무와 거제수나무의 광합성률은 전광 처리구에서 13.59, $16.29{\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$로서 가장 높게 나타났으며 피음처리 수준이 높아질수록 낮은 광합성 능력, 생장 및 물질생산량을 보였다. 까치박달나무는 보통피음 처리구(26~37%)에서 광합성률이 $9.47{\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$으로 가장 높았으며, 생장과 물질생산량도 가장 많았다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2020

Background and objective: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on trees that can be used for planting design and construction for permanently shaded areas by grasping the growth status of trees according to the daylight conditions of the outdoor spaces of apartment complexes. Methods: On the recently completed apartment complexes, daylight conditions were analyzed by using daylight simulations utilizing Solar Access Analysis of Ecotect Analysis. With a criteria for assessment of tree condition, the defect rate of trees planted in permanently shaded areas and green spaces with good daylight conditions was analyzed to suggest trees applicable to permanently shaded areas. The first tree survey was conducted from November 18, 2019 to February 15, 2020, focusing on trees planted in permanently shaded areas, and the second tree survey of all the trees planted on the study sites including permanently shaded areas was conducted from March 16 to March 30, 2020. Results: Evergreen trees which are classified as shade intolerant trees including Pinus densiflora, Thuja occidentalis, and Abies holophylla showed a higher defect rate of trees among the trees planted in permanently shaded areas. Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, Cornus kousa, Chionanthus retusus and Acer palmatum which are classified as shade tolerant trees and shade moderate tolerance trees seemed to be able to be used in the plant design of permanently shaded areas in apartment complexes because the trees showed good growth and a low tree defect rate. In addition, although it was excluded from the analysis due to a small number of samples, Sorbus commixta and Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea also can be used for planting in permanently shaded areas. Conclusion: The daylight simulation technique used to analyze permanent shaded areas in this study can be used as an analysis tool considering the daylight environment at the stages of design and construction, and additional research will be required to analyze tree growth according to daylight conditions through data accumulation and monitoring by managing records throughout the entire life cycle of trees in the process of planting and maintenance.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.258-266
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual conditions, to find problems, and to present an improvement plan of interior landscape in the subway stationis. Moreoiver, it will presume the possibilties to develop the subway and ways to utilie underground space effectively. The results are summarized as follows A light intensity was recorded 0-100 Lux as the lowest light and 500 Lux below as the highest in 61 subway stations. An average temperature of 12 $^{\circ}C$and an air humidity of 38% were recorded over a 4 month period from January to April, but includes a drastic variaton between -8.5$^{\circ}C$ and 21.5$^{\circ}C$. Soil acidity of pH 7 below and soil moisture of 1-2 wet degree were apeared in subway stations mostly. Plant forms consisted of artificial flower & flower. Plant species were recorded at a total of 54 species and appeared in the order of Araucaria heteropylla, Ophiophogon jaburan, Aspidistra elatior cv. 'Asahi' and Hedera helix. Plant height was, for the most part, below 0.5m. Plant species that was fined of conditions were Palm, Camellia japonica, Araucaria heterophylla as a high plant, dracaena fragrans, dracaena deremensis cv. Wakneckii as a middle plant, and Ophiopogon jaburan, Hedra helix, ytomium falcatum, Aspidistra elatior cv. Asahi as a low plant. It used to water materials such as small pool, small cascade, water cycles and natural materials such as natural rock, small rock, sand, bark and animal materials such as squirrels, birds, goldfish as an object for plants in the subway stations. From these actual conditions, First of all, It must make up physical environments such as light, temperature humidity, soil for plant growth, and is important to chooce suitable indoor plants and draw up systematic management in the subway environments. Also, it change plants frequently and uses variable objects for subway stationi individuatism, Moreover, indoor plants with strong environmental adaptation abities such as shade tolerance, drought tolerance and cold tolerance need to develope variable species possibly. If these improvements occur, utilization and amenity of subway stationis will increase, according to the use of interior landscape.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2016

본 연구는 엽록소 형광반응 (OJIP)분석을 통해 차광처리에 따른 정원 식물의 광 이용효율을 평가 및 분석하고자 하였다. 10종의 정원식물을 대상으로 50% 및 80% 차광 조건에서 엽록소 형광반응 분석을 실시하였으며, 75일 차광조건에서 가장 낮은 광이용 효율을 보였다. 차광처리 시 광계II 전자전달에너지플럭스 ($ET2_O/RC$)는 증가 경향을 보였으나 광계I 전자전달에너지플럭스($RE1_O/RC$) 및 PI 등 광이용 효율이 감소하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 광화학 매개변수 중 $F_V$, $FV/F_O$, $RE1_O/RC$, $ET2_O/RC$, $PI_{TOTAL\;ABS}$, $DF_{TOTAL\;ABS}$ 등 19개 parameter가 광화학 반응의 효율을 나타내는 중요한 요인으로 판단되었다. SFI평가를 통해 10종의 정원식물 중 수호초(I), 꽃범의꼬리(II), 무늬사초(II)등 3종의 식물이 내음성이 강한 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 광화학 반응에 근거한 일조 스트레스지수(SFI)는 정원식물의 내음성 평가에 유용한 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.395-410
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• 1992

Disturbance regime and tree regeneration were studied in kwangnung natural forest, an old-growth deciduous hardwood forest located in central korea. This forest is dominated by carpinus laxiflora, c.erosa, and quercus species. The area occupied by canopy gaps was 4.6% of the total forested area, and the mean size of canopy gaps was 92 $m^2$ with the maximum being 524 $m^2$. More than half of the gaps were less than four years old, and 3/4 of the gaps were created by death of only or two canopy trees, indicating the dominance of small-sized gaps in kwangnung forest. about half of the gap-makers were c. laxiflora, and another one third were quercus species. In contrast, the most frequent relacers were c. laxiflora while quercus species filled only 5% of the gaps, suggesting a future shift in tree species composition under the current disturbance regime. tree regeration was more conspicuous even in small gaps than non-gaps regardless of shade-tolerance of tree species, indicating the importance of gaps in tree regeneration.