• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Three-dimensional (3-D) integration is an emerging technology, which vertically stacks and interconnects multiple materials, technologies, and functional components such as processor, memory, sensors, logic, analog, and power ICs into one stacked chip to form highly integrated micro-nano systems. Since CMOS device scaling has stalled, 3D integration technology allows extending Moore's law to ever high density, higher functionality, higher performance, and more diversed materials and devices to be integrated with lower cost. The potential benefits of 3D integration can vary depending on approach; increased multifunctionality, increased performance, increased data bandwidth, reduced power, small form factor, reduced packaging volume, increased yield and reliability, flexible heterogeneous integration, and reduced overall costs. It is expected that the semiconductor industry's paradiam will be shift to a new industry-fusing technology era that will offer tremendous global opportunities for expanded use of 3D based technologies in highly integrated systems. Anticipated applications start with memory, handheld devices, and high-performance computers and extend to high-density multifunctional heterogeneous integration of IT-NT-BT systems. This paper attempts to introduce new 3D integration technologies of the chip self-assembling stacking and 3D heterogeneous opto-electronics integration for realizng the super-chip.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of exercise behavior using Transtheoretical Model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: The study method was a survey in 100 type 2 DM patients at out-patients clinic of Y medical center from March 19, 2000 to October 30, 2000. Result: The results were as follows: The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior ; 15.0% in pre-contemplation stage, 33.0% in contemplation stage, 17.0% in preparation stage, 16.0% in action stage and 19.0% in maintenance stage. The subjects in pre-contemplation stage used all processes of change in the least. "Dramatic relief(DR)", "Environmental reevaluation(ER)" and "Self reevaluation(SR)" were identified as main processes of change in contemplation stage. "Consciousness raising(CR)", "DR" were used higher than average in preparation stage. Helping relationships(HR)", "CR", "ER", "SR", "Social liberation(SL)", "Counter conditioning (CC)", "Reinforcement management(RM)", "Self iberation(SEL)" and "Stimulus control(SC)" were used higher than average in action stage. The subjects in maintenance stage used all process of change the highest except "DR"and "HR". "Cons" score of decisional balance was the highest in pre-contemplation stage, "Pros" score was the highest in action stage and "Self-efficacy" score was the highest in maintenance stage. Conclusion: This study can provide the basis of staged matching exercise program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.499-506
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the participation motivation and satisfaction of continuing education in the dental hygienists. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 900 dental hygienists in Seoul and Gyeonggido in continuing education 2015. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects (7 items), continuing education requirements (6 items), and continuing education evaluation (9 items). Cronbach's alpha was 0.859 in participation motivation and 0.901 in satisfaction. Likert five point scale was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 program. Results: The priorities of the contents were as follows; patient care and counseling(49.0%), the latest information and technology(43.9%), middle management roles(23.3%), health care management(17.6%), and lecture studies(4.4%) in order by multiple responses survey. The favorite instructors were specialized dental hygienist(52.3%). The ideal pay for education fee was 50 percent supported by the institution. The best official announcement of education was e-mail. The participation motivation of education was 4.45 points and was focused on the education completion issue. The lowest score was 2.77 of development of human relationships between participants. The choice for instructor was 3.43 and the lowest score was 2.49 of education fee. Overall satisfaction score was 3.04. Conclusions: Diversification of the continuing education is very important. It is necessary to develop and implement the education methods and to train the dental hygiene specialists for the education.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2018

Purpose: To measure the head tilting angle creating initial condylar cut-off and to find the head position inducing the superimposition of the cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus on panoramic radiograph. Materials and Methods: The panoramic radiographs were taken with Didactic skull on cervical spine model (Scientific GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using Kodak 8000c Digital Panoramic radiography. For the inherent radiolucency of the plastic skull model, radiopaque 1 mm diameter lead wires were attached along the margin of the mandibular condyle, ramus, mandibular body, cervical vertebrae, and FH plane of the skull model. For measuring the head tilting angle creating the condylar head cutoff, panoramic radiographs were taken by tilting the FH plane downward in 5 degree increments. For finding the distance between transverse process of the third cervical vertebra and gonion inducing superimposition of cervical vertebrae on the mandibular ramus, panoramic radiographs were taken by decreasing the distance in 0.5 cm increments. Result and Conclusion: The condylar cutoff began to appear when the head of skull model was tilted downward by 15o. As the head tilting angle increasing, the condylar cutoff became more prominent. The superimposition of cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus began to appear when the distance between the gonion and third cervical vertebra was 1.0 cm. As the distance decreasing, the superimpostion became more prominent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1135-1155
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• 2007

Selenium is considered to be one of the most controversial trace elements. On the one hand, it is toxic at high doses and there is a great body of information related to environmental issues of Se contamination. On the other hand, Se deficiency is a global problem related to an increased susceptibility to various diseases of animals and humans and decreased productive and reproductive performance of farm animals. Optimisation of Se nutrition of poultry and farm animals will result in increased efficiency of egg, meat and milk production and even more important, will improve quality. From the data presented in the review it is clear that the main lesson which we have to learn from nature is how to use organic selenium in animal and human diets. Selenium-enriched yeast (Sel-Plex) is the result of such a lesson and it is just a matter of time before animal nutrition moves completely from using ineffective sodium selenite to organic selenium. Other lessons from nature will follow. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics, in association with descriptions of new selenoproteins, will be a driving force in reconsidering old approaches related to Se nutrition. Probably 90% of all Se research has been conducted with sodium selenite and we now understand that the natural form of selenium is different. The main advances in Se status assessment and Se requirements were established based on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an enzyme which for many years was considered to be the main selenoprotein. Recently it was discovered that it is only one of at least 25 various selenoproteins. Se research and practical applications are developing quickly and they are very exciting and promising.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2001

In this paper, space radiation environment and single event effect(SEE) have been analyzed for the KOMPSAT-2 operational orbit. As spacecraft external and internal space environment, trapped proton, SEP(solar energetic particle) and GCR(galactic cosmic ray) high energy Protons and heavy ions spectrums are analyzed. Finally, SEU and SEL rate prediction has been performed for the Intel 80386 microprocessor CPU that is planned to be used in the KOMPSAT-2. As the estimation results, under nominal operational condition, it is predicted that trapped proton and high energetic proton induced SBU effect will not occur. But, it is predicted that heavy ion induced SEU can occur several times during KOMPSAT-2 3-year mission operation. KOMPSAT-2 has been implementing system level design to mitigate SEU occurrence using processor CPU error detection function of the on-board flight software.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.245-250
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• 2008

This study is on the availability of solar thermal energy in Korean high-rise apartment complex depending on the installation type of solar collectors to roof or facade of building. Firstly, solar access evaluation on the roof and the facade of apartment buildings was carried out. The total thermal load of each apartment unit and building was investigated and matched with the energy which was produced by solar thermal systems on the facade. The considered layout patterns of apartment buildings were '一type', 'alternative 一type', 'ㄱtype' and 'ㅁtype' and that was analyzed in prior studies. Extensive dynamic hourly energy simulations with the solar thermal system were Performed with the TRNSYS of SEL. We assumed that the apartment complex is composed of 9 buildings and located in Daejeon. The collectors are the heat-pip evacuated tube collectors and the number of collectors are 45 tubes We assumed that the collectors are installed on the balcony of each unit and the angle of incilnation is $90^{\circ}$. As a result, the supply amount of solar thermal systems is about 4,850,086kJ/hr and the solar fraction is about 66%. The solar fraction according to each azimuth is about 66% on the south, 62% on the south-east $30^{\circ}$ and 56% on the south-east $60^{\circ}$. So, we quantitatively got a line on the optimal azimuth for installing the solar thermal systems. The solar fraction has differences from 5% to 15% of each floor, 6th, 12th and 20th and those tendencies are same in analyzed each 4 types of the apartment complexes.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31.2-31.2
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• 2012

We present the Yonsei Evolutionary Population Synthesis (YEPS) models for spectroscopic and photometric evolutions of simple and composite stellar populations. The models are based on the most up-to-date Yonsei-Yale stellar evolutionary tracks and BaSel 3.1 flux libraries, and provide integrated spectroscopic quantities of Lick/IDS system including high-order Balmer absorption-lines. Special care has been taken to incorporate the systematic variation of horizontal branch (HB) morphology as functions of metallicity, age, alpha-element mixture, and helium abundance of simple stellar populations. Our models for normal-helium stellar populations indicate that the realistic modeling of HB and alpha-element brings about 5 Gyr and 0.1 dex differences in age and metallicity estimations, respectively, compared to those without these effects. The HB effect does not depend on the specific choice of stellar libraries and alpha-element enhancements, and this effect is non-negligible even in the metal sensitive absorption indices, such as Mg2 and Mg b. Comparison of the models to observations reveals that the HB and alpha-element effects are critical in understanding otherwise inexplicable phenomena found in globular cluster systems in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, including the observed bimodality of the line strengths of globular clusters in massive galaxies. In addition, we found that helium-enhanced stellar populations, which are the major sources of extreme HB stars, bring about increased FUV, NUV fluxes, and thus the model colors of those filters become extremely blue. Age dating based on the YEPS model with normal-helium stellar populations reveals that the evidence for 'downsizing' of elliptical galaxies is found not only in the local field but also in Coma cluster, and that the mean age of elliptical galaxies in Coma cluster is about 1.4 Gyr younger than the mean age of those in the local field. We also find that our models with helium-enhanced subpopulations can naturally reproduce the strong UV-upturns observed in giant elliptical galaxies assuming an age similar to that of old GCs in the Milky Way.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 2016

Non-genotoxic carcinogens are substances that induce tumorigenesis by non-mutagenic mechanisms and long term rodent bioassays are required to identify them. Recent studies have shown that transcription profiling can be applied to develop early identifiers for long term phenotypes. In this study, we used rat liver expression profiles from the NTP (National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, USA) DrugMatrix Database to construct a gene classifier that can distinguish between non-genotoxic carcinogens and other chemicals. The model was based on short term exposure assays (3 days) and the training was limited to oxidative stressors, peroxisome proliferators and hormone modulators. Validation of the predictor was performed on independent toxicogenomic data (TG-GATEs, Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System, Osaka, Japan). To build our model we performed Random Forests together with a recursive elimination algorithm (VarSelRF). Gene set enrichment analysis was employed for functional interpretation. A total of 770 microarrays comprising 96 different compounds were analyzed and a predictor of 54 genes was built. Prediction accuracy was 0.85 in the training set, 0.87 in the test set and increased with increasing concentration in the validation set: 0.6 at low dose, 0.7 at medium doses and 0.81 at high doses. Pathway analysis revealed gene prominence of cellular respiration, energy production and lipoprotein metabolism. The biggest target of toxicogenomics is accurately predict the toxicity of unknown drugs. In this analysis, we presented a classifier that can predict non-genotoxic carcinogenicity by using short term exposure assays. In this approach, dose level is critical when evaluating chemicals at early time points.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.110-121
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was performed to identify factors associated with drinking behavior using Transtheoretical Model in workers. Method: The study method was a survey of 216 marine shipping metal workers in Koje city from November 11, 2002 to November 30, 2002. Result: The subjects were divided in four stages of drinking behavior: 38.9% in pre contemplation stage, 38.6% in contemplation stage, 17.6% in preparation stage and 7.9% in action & maintenance stage. The amount of drinking was significantly decreased as the workers progressed through each stage. Helping relationships(HR) and Self reevaluation(SR) were identified as the main processes of change in all stages. Self liberation(SEL), Counter conditioning(CC), Helping relationships(HR), Self reevaluation(SR), Dramatic relief (DR) and Social liberation(SL) were used higher than average. The self efficacy score increased as the workers progressed through each stage, but not significantly. The Pros score of decisional balance was the highest in the pre contemplation stage and decreased as the workers progressed through each stage. but not significantly. The Cons score of decisional balance was the highest in the preparation stage, but not significantly in as the workers progressed through each stage. Conclusion: This study can provide the basis of a staged matching alcohol reducing program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.