• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.845-852
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the difference of X-ray exposure by comparing and analyzing absorbed dose according to changes in the number of frames in coronary angiography, also depending whether the zoom mode is FOV enlargement or Zoom Live. Moreover, for appropriate frame selection measures for examination, including the effect of frame change on the image quality, were sought by measuring the noise strength expressed by the standard deviation (SD), the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). The study was conducted with an anthropomorphic phantom on an angio-system. The linear relationship between the frame rate and the radiation dose was evident. On the contrary, the indices of image quality (SD, SNR, and CNR) were almost constant irrespective of the number of frames. The difference depending on the zoom mode was not statistically significant for DAP, air kerma, and SD (p > 0.05). However, SNR and CNR were statistically different between FOV enlargement and Zoom Live. In conclusion, since the image quality was not degraded significantly with the decreasing frame rate from 30, 15, to 7.5 f/s and the radiation dose evidently decreases in almost exactly linear proportion to the decreasing frame rate, the number of frames per second needs to be maintained as low as reasonably achievable. As for the dependence on the zooming mode, the Live Zoom mode showed statistically significant improvement in the image quality indices of SNR and CNR and it justifies active use of the Live Zoom mode which enables real-time image enlargment without additional radiation dose.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

Acording to the trend of highly increasing the public telephone, understanding consumer's design sensibility is based on designing consumer products reflecting user's identity and it comes out as a result of wore competitive products. For this study, consumer's desirous sensibility of the public telephone has been measured in checkable numbers. First of all, 35 sensible words are narrowed down from 168 whole sensible(adjective) words using the SD method. By this result, 7 scale form the SD method is applied to reserch on 10 current distributed products form 30 male and female university students. Element factor analysis is used to group the selected sensible words, duster analysis is used yo dassify them, and finally discriminant analysis is used to predict the relationship between design elements and the sensible words. As a result, words of human sensibility is known to divide into 3 factors; esthetics, functionality and safety, and the correlation of design factor is closely related with the the telephone's body, handset, dial board, dial button, ontrol button, color and material. To sum up, better public telephone design comes out from scientific and systematic consumer's desire analysis not designer's design technique.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2012

Objectives: Individuals differ in their biological rhythms. This study investigated the association between the morningness-eveningness and sleep patterns, daytime sleepiness and fatigue in Korean male adolescents. Methods: Participants were 501 eleventh grade male students ($16.9{\pm}0.2$ years of age) in one male high school in Seoul. Each student completed the Korean translation of composite scale (KtCS), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and a questionnaire about their sleep schedule. Results: The evening group had shorter weekday sleep time than the intermediate (p<0.001) or morning group (p=0.029). The evening group had more daytime napping (16.8%, p<0.001), high rate of caffeine use (58.8%, p<0.001) and snoring (18.5%, p=0.037). The evening group showed more daytime sleepiness (8.7, SD=3.2, p<0.001) and severe fatigue (4.4, SD=1.2, p<0.001) than the intermediate or morning group. Conclusion: Adolescents with eveningness have higher problems in weekday sleep, daytime sleepiness and fatigue. An intervention program for sleep problem in these adolescents should be considered.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.81-90
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• 2004

This paper presents new testability measure based on learning, which can be useful in the deterministic process of test pattern generation algorithms. This testability measure uses the structural information that are obtained by teaming. The proposed testability measure searches for test pattern that can early detect the conflict in case of the hardest decision problems. On the other hand in case of the easiest decision problem, it searches for test pattern that likely results in the least conflict. The proposed testability measure reduces CPU time to generate test pattern that accomplishes the same fault coverage as that of the distance-based measure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.6 s.92
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• pp.119-127
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• 2006

Recently. there are demanding a better sidewalk environment considering side of psychic as well as physical factors as the rapid growth of cities and improvement of traffic consciousness. Also. it needs to give a better sidewalk environment because those pedestrians evade a sidewalk space with minimum Physical design standards. So. we think very important that get a grip what makes Pedestrian feel a comfort and amenity in sidewalk above all. In this study, we carried out a cognition experiment of sidewalk environment on considering the human's psychic with Sensibility Ergonomics and the survey method using SD (Semantic Differential) scale. And we made a recognition evaluation model of sidewalk landscape and sensibility recognition model of sidewalk design factors using LISREL model that analysis sensibility recognition of sensibility adjective by SD scale. In results, we found out a possibility of the design with comfort and amenity in sidewalk environment as considering Sensibility Ergonomics, and an importance of harmonious green environment as a roadside tree etc. above all.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.973-992
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• 2010

The hearing impairment is the representative disorder that affects the quality of the routine life of the aged period. This study was aimed to develop the Korean evaluation scale for hearing handicap(KESHH) with which we can evaluate social and psychological effects of the hearing impairment. Applying this scale clinically, we can analyze the geriatric hearing loss specifically and improve the quality of the aural rehabilitation that can help the hardness of the hearing impairment. Data were collected from 288 participants(176 hearing aid users and 112 non-hearing aid users) and the average age of the participants was 67.4 years old ( 60.15 for the hearing aids users and 78.9 for the non hearing users). The composition ratio of the male and female participants were 58.0% and 42.0% and extrovert and introvert personality were 49.3% and 50.7% showing balanced formation. The tentative draft of KESHH measurements were produced with 30 items and following 5 subscales. Using factor analysis, 6 items were erased and 4 subscales - social effect, psycho/emotional effect, interpersonal effect, and perception of hearing aids - were identified. As each subscale consisted of 6 items, 24 items were corrected and remained totally. Conclusively, the KESHH was developed with 24 items and 4 subscales including 6 items on each subscale. In addition, the KESHH was divided into type-1 and 2 depending on hearing aid users and non hearing aid users. The results of this study can be summarized as the following 5 parts. Firstly, the reliabilities of the KESHH were proved to be high because the subscales' Cronbach alpha values were from 0.723 through 0.895. Secondly, the KESHH showed systematically increasing score as the hearing impairment increased. The lowest score was 24 and the highest score was 117 and the average scores of the hearing impaired and non-hearing impaired are 72.06(SD=15.67) and 66.98(SD=20.94) showing 5.08 increased score for the hearing impaired. Depending on the degree of the hearing loss, the scores recorded 52.63 at the below of the mild hearing loss, 67.29 for the moderate hearing loss, 71.89 for the moderately severe hearing loss, and 75.57 for the severe hearing loss The comparison of the scores by hearing levels indicated that the higher the hearing levels were, the higher the scores of the KESHH with statistical significance(p<0.001). Thirdly, the correlation among 4 subscales was 0.384~0.880(p<0.001). Also, the pure tone average, personality, and the four subscales correlations showed statistical significance with 0.148~0.880 except for the pure tone average and personality and the pure tone average and perception of hearing aids. Fourthly, the total variances explained for the independent subscles were analyzed with multiple regression. The social effect was explained 17.4% with pure tone average, personality, and the status of hearing aid use variances. The psycho/emotional effect was explained 14.4% with puretone average, personality, and age variances. The interpersonal effect was explained 11.2% with pure tone average, personality, and the status of hearing aid use variances. The perception of hearing aids effect was explained 2.2% with only personality. Finally, test-retest reliability was proved to be high with 0.791(p<0.001). Conclusively, the KESHH that was developed considering Korean culture can be a useful instrument for expressing the hearing handicaps of the Korean aged hearing impaired in scores for both hearing aid users and non-users. Also, it is thought that the KESHH is useful clinically for identifying the changes of the hearing handicap scores before and after wearing hearing aids and aural rehabilitation at diverse situations.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

This research was conducted to propose a sensibility model for web site design. At first, we collected 100 sensibility words related to web site design through analysis of journal and questionnaires and analysis of dictionary. 16 web sites were rated according to the degree of sensibility corresponding to each words, on the basis of the Semantic Differential(SD) method. The results of assessment were analyzed by means of the factor analysis and Multidimensional Scaling(MDS) method. From this relational analysis of sensibility words, the 18 representative words were abstracted as a result of the research included unique, unusual, rich, soft, cold, warm, vivid, simple, neat, dynamic, urban, light, somber, bright, dark, fresh, masculine, and hard. Also three sensibility dimensions bright-dark, soft-hard, simple-rich were found.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.391-407
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• 2008

In order to observe from a cross-cultural point of view, the temperament and character of German and Korean adolescents were compared. The 715 German subjects aged 12-18(M=14.70, SD=1.80) and 1411 Korean subjects of the same age(M=15.18, SD=1.69) were assessed through JTCI 12-18 as to whether there exist differences in temperament and character between the two groups. According to the outcomes of the t-test, the German and Korean adolescents show significant differences in all 6 main scales of temperament and character, with only one exception in the character scale, that of 'self-transcendence.' If we analyze the effect size, because even small differences in great samples becomes statistically significant differences, the significant outcomes appeared only in two scales, one of temperament(Harm Avoidance) and the other of character(Self-Directedness): Korean subjects showed a higher tendency of Harm Avoidance related to inhibitions and anxiety and a lower tendency of Self-Directedness, meaning self-acceptance, purposefulness etc. Sex-differences according to the effect size showed only on the scale of Reward Dependence, which was the same in both samples. The outcomes are discussed according to the concepts of individualism and collectivism which are used to divide the Western and Asian cultures. It is also suggested to view these outcomes in the education-political and social bases of each country.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 1971

In order to see if NaCl affected the the emergence rate and the SD action when treated it at the pupal stage of Drosophila melanogaster, an experiment was performed in which the resistibility to NaCl at the pupal stage was examined by the emergence rate and the effects of NaCl on the SD action was studied by k values. The four SD strains and two other strains (cn bw and Oregon-R) were used and NaCl media were prepared by adding NaCl at a concentration of 0.0M, 0.1M, 0.3M, 0.5M, 0.7M, and 1.0M to the standard media for the present experiment. The following conclusions were established: 1. The emergence rate (resistibility to NaCl) when treated NaCl at the pupal stage is significantly different not only among the strains but also among concentrations of NaCl. 2. The emergence rate decreases as concentration of NaCl increases but the rate of decrease shows rather constant so that the curves of decrease are not steep. 3. The emergence rate of the cn bw and Oregon-R strains shows higher value than of the four SD strains, implying that the resistibility to the NaCl is lower in the SD strains than in the two strains; not a few flies are emerged from the media of 1.0M of NaCl. 4. The difference in k values is not significant among concentrations of NaCl but among strains, the k values of the original SD strains are rather higher and constant but those of the recombinant SD strains are rather low and unstable. 5. The SD action is not affected by NaCl as far as once emerged from the culture media whether containing NaCl or not in any developmental stage. Thus such an experiment on NaCl effect is of little value to analyze the mechanism of the SD action in D. melanogaster.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.1 s.65
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• pp.19-28
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• 2007

The result of survey on job satisfaction of first-aid staff found that degree of work-related stress of 119 first-aid staff got total average 2.54 point (SD.44) out of 4. The degree of fatigue that first-aid staff feel got 2.09 point (SD.49) out of 4. The degree of job satisfaction of 119 first-aid staff got 2.71 point out of 5. This study suggests increasing of new hire, continuous education through teaching before employment, studying abroad, and so on, expansion and modernization of first-aid equipment, introduction and management of OAT institution for improvement of job satisfaction of first-aid staff.