• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1975-1984
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• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period. Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose. Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the different types and levels of prebiotics on intestinal microflora and fermentation products in the in vitro fermentation model. The prebiotcs used in this study were IMO (iso-malto oligosaccharide), CI (partially digested chicory-inulin), RA (raffinose) and CD (cyclodextrin). Experimental diet for growing pigs was predigested by digestive enzymes and this hydrolyzed diet was mixed with buffer solution containing 5% fresh swine feces. Then, the mixture was fermented with or without prebiotics at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% for 24 h. Samples were taken at 24 h, and viable count of micoflora, gas, pH, volatile organic compounds and short-chain fatty acids were determined. The viable count of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in all treatments added with prebiotics in comparison to control without prebiotics. However, the increase of lactic acid bacteria was observed in the prebiotics treatment. Gas production increased as the level of prebiotics increased. The pH values in the fermentation fluid decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing the concentration of prebiotics. The fermentation with prebiotics resulted in the reduction of malodorous compounds such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, indole and skatole. The increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was observed in the treatments with prebiotics. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the fermentation with prebiotics was effective in reducing the formation of malodorous compounds and increasing lactic acid bacteria and SCFA. These effects depended on the concentration of prebiotics. Moreover, further study is needed to determine whether the in vitro efficacy on the reduction of malodorous compounds and increase of SCFA would also be observed in animals.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.351-355
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• 2005

식이섬유의 기능을 가지는 저항전분(HM: HI-MAIZE)과 저항전분에 차전자피를 포함한 탄수화물로 구성된 D-factor를 10% 가하여 제조한 식이섬유(HM-D: HI-MAIZE DIET)의 특성을 비교하기 위하여 glucose 및 bile acid 흡수저해효과 및 장내 세균에 의한 혐기적 발효산물인 단쇄지방산의 함량을 각각 비교하였다 반투막을 이용하여 glucose흡수저해효과를 측정한 결과, HM에 비하여 HM-D의 경우 glucose 저해효과가 다소 우세한 것으로 나타났으며, 투석 막을 통한 glucose 투과는 4시간 경과 시 HM은 77%와 HM-D는 68%를 보였으며, 24시간까지 연장시 glucose는 거의 전부 투과되었다. 투석 막을 이용한 bile acid 흡수저해효과는 HM시료에 비하여 D-factor가 첨가된 저항전분의 경우 bile acid 흡수저해효과가 우수함을 알 수 있었으며, 투석막을 통한 bile acid 투과는 서서히 일어났으며 24시간 경과 시 HM과 HM-D의 경우 65%와 62.3%의 bile acid 투과가 이루어 졌다. 장내 세균에 의한 단쇄지방산 생성은 HM의 경우 217.8mM, HM-D는 264.0mM로 HM-D의 경우 더 많은 양의 단쇄지방산의 생성량을 보였으며, butyric acid 생성 양은 HM-D가 32.7mM로 26.9mM생성량을 보인 HM에 비하여 높았다. 따라서 D-factor첨가에 의해 glucose와 bile acid의 흡수저해 효과가 증가하였을 뿐만 아니라 단쇄지방산의 함량과 butyric acid함량 증가를 보임에 따라 D-factor첨가에 의해 저항전분이 지니는 식이섬유의 기능이 강화되었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2019

More effective treatments are needed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that water extracts of blackberry fruits (BF) and leaves (BL) and their combinations (BFL) reduce fat deposition in HepG2 cells and modulate shor-tchain fatty acids (SCFA) and fecal bacteria in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with BF, BL, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 for 1 h, and 0.5 mM palmitate was added to the cells. Moreover, low ($30{\mu}g/mL$) and high doses ($90{\mu}g/mL$) of BL and BF were applied to fecal bacteria in vitro, and SCFA was measured by GC. BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 reduced triglyceride deposition in the cells in a dose-dependent manner, and BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 had a stronger effect than BF. The content of malondialdehyde, an index of oxidative stress, was also reduced in BL, BF, and BFL1:2 with increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c was reduced in BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 compared to the control, and BFL1:2 had the strongest effect. By contrast, the carnitine palmitolytransferase-1expression, a regulator of fatty acid oxidation, increased mostly in BFL1:2 and BFL1:3. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ expression was reduced in BL compared to that in BF and BFL1:2 in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, BL increased propionate production, and BF increased butyrate and propionate production and increased total SCFA content in fecal incubation. BF increased the contents of Bifidobacteriales and Lactobacillales and decreased those of Clostridiales, whereas BL elevated the contents of Bacteroidales and decreased those of Enterobacteriales. In conclusion, BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 may be potential therapeutic candidates for NAFLD.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2016

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of odor reducing agents on the levels of pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, and odorous compounds [phenols, indoles, short chain fatty acid (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA), and ammonium nitrogen] of swine manure during the spring season (temperature around $20^{\circ}C$). Odor reducing agents included horseradish powder, mushroom waste powder, and almond hull powder. A manure sample (15 L) was taken from the pit under the pens of a swine feeding operation and incubated with 0.03% horseradish powder, 1% mushroom waste powder, and 1% almond hull powder, respectively, in acryl chambers for 14 days. Addition of almond hull powder showed the lowest pH (p < 0.05) and the highest level of total carbon (p < 0.05) among treatments of odor reducing agents. Although addition of odor reducing agents increased the level of phenols (p < 0.05), addition of almond hull powder decreased the level of indoles (p < 0.05). Levels of SCFA and BCFA were higher in almond hull powder than those in control (p < 0.05). Taken together, the results from our current study showed that odor reducing agents can be used for reducing the odor of swine manure by providing fermentable carbohydrates. At $20^{\circ}C$, however, the function of odor reducing agents might be decreased due to lower microbial activity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2016

BACKDROUND/OBJECTIVE: Constipation is a condition that can result from intestinal deformation. Because humans have an upright posture, the effects of gravity can cause this shape deformation. Oligosaccharides are common prebiotics and their effects on bowel health are well known. However, studies of the physiological functionality of a product that contains both lactulose and galactooligosaccharides are insufficient. We investigated the constipation reduction effect of a dual-type oligosaccharide, Dual-Oligo, in loperamide-treated rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Dual-Oligo consists of galactooligosaccharides (15.80%) and lactulose (51.67%). Animals were randomly divided into four groups, the normal group (normal), control group (control), low concentration of Dual-Oligo (LDO) group, and high concentration of Dual-Oligo (HDO) group. After 7 days of oral administration, fecal pellet amount, fecal weight, watercontent of fecal were measured. Blood chemistry, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), gastrointestinal transit ratio and length and intestinal mucosa were analyzed. RESULTS: Dual-Oligo increased the fecal weight, and water content of feces in rats with loperamide-induced constipation. Gastrointestinal transit ratio and length and area of intestinal mucosa significantly increased after treatment with Dual-Oligoin loperamide-induced rats. A high concentration of Dual-Oligo tended to produce more acetic acid than that observed for the control group, and Dual-Oligo affected the production of total SCFA. Bifidobacteria concentration of cecal contents in the high-concentration oligosaccharide (HDO) and low-concentration oligosaccharide (LDO) groups was similar to the result of the normal group. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that Dual-Oligo is a functional material that is derived from a natural food product and is effective in ameliorating constipation.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.427-438
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• 2015

폭염에 노출된 육용오리에서 짧은 사슬지방산(short chain fatty acid, SCFA), 혈액 프로파일 및 생산성에 관한 베타인 800 ppm 함유사료의 급여시기 별 차이를 조사하였다. 오리 (Cherry valley, Anas platyrhynchos) 240 마리를 4처리 3반복(반복 당 20마리)으로 완전임의배치 한 후 42일 간 사육하였다. 4개의 처리구는 C(베타인 무첨가 폭염 대조군), T1(베타인 800 ppm 사료 무제한 급여군), T2(베타인 800 ppm 사료 오전 05:00-10:00, 오후 17:00-20:00 제한급여군), T3(베타인 800 ppm 사료 17:00-10:00 야간 제한급여군)로 구분하였다. 42일령 체중은 T2, T1, T3 순서로 베타인 사료 급여시기 처리구가 폭염 대조군에 비해서 증가하였으나 T1, T3 사이의 유의차는 없었다. 사료요구율은 베타인을 함유하지 않은 사료의 무제한 급여 폭염 대조군이 베타인 사료의 급여시기 처리군에 비해서 높았으나 T1, T2, T3 사이의 유의차는 없었다. PLT, MPV를 제외한 적혈구 및 혈소판의 프로파일은 베타인 함유사료를 급여하는 시기에 따라서 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 혈액 $K^+$를 제외한 $Na^+$, $Cl^-$은 베타인 함유사료를 오전, 오후로 구분하여 급여해준 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 유의하게 높았다. 혈액 가스는 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 일반적으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 총 SCFA, 초산, 프로피온산은은 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 높은 경향을 보였으나 이와 반대로 뷰티르산, 이소뷰티르산, 발레르산, 이소발레르산은 일반적으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과는 폭염에 노출된 오리에서 베타인 800 ppm을 함유하는 사료의 오전 05:00-10:00, 오후 17:00-20:00 급여가 베타인의 약리학적 기작을 통한 성장능력을 개선할 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2014

초지 또는 농경지에 살포되는 퇴비와 액비에 의해 발생될 수 있는 악취민원에 대처하기 위하여, 돼지의 분과 뇨에 존재하는 악취물질 농도를 비교 분석하였다. 1. 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 함유된 휘발성유기물의 농도 비교 페놀, p-크레졸 및 페놀류 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), 분 보다 뇨에 축적된 비율이 페놀은 138배, p-크레졸은 545배 높았다. 인돌 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며, 스카톨은 뇨 보다 분에서 높았다 (p<0.05). 휘발성유기물은 대부분 뇨로 배설되었으며, 이 중 농도 및 악취강도가 가장 높은 물질인 p-크레졸이 뇨에 많이 함유되어 있다. 돼지 분뇨를 고액분리 하였을 때 퇴비로 이용되는 고체보다 액비로 이용되는 액상물질에서 악취가 훨씬 강할 것으로 예측된다. 2. 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 함유된 휘발성지방산의 농도 비교 아세트산과 단쇄지방산 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), 부티르산과 프로피온산은 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 이성체지방산 중 I-부티르산의 농도는 뇨 보다 분에서 높았지만 (p<0.05), I-발레르산과 이성체지방산은 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 휘발성지방산 중에서 아세트산과 프로피온산은 분에서 각각 65와 20%, 뇨에서는 각각 93과 4%로 휘발성지방산의 대부분을 차지하였지만 아세트산과 프로피온산을 포함하는 단쇄지방산은 악취강도가 낮다. 반면에 악취강도가 상대적으로 높은 이성체지방산은 분과 뇨 간에 차이가 없기 때문에 휘발성지방산이 악취강도에 미치는 영향은 크지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합하면, 돼지 분뇨의 악취물질 중 악취강도가 높은 p-크레졸은 뇨에 많이 함유되어 있기 때문에 퇴비와 액비 생산과정 중 액상처리 시 악취강도가 매우 높을 것으로 추정된다. 다만, 악취강도는 휘발성지방산의 농도 변화에 따라 차이가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.173-176
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• 1992

Non-absorbable substances in foods, for instance dietary fiber had been previously known as a non-nutritive part of foods. Recently , such a category has been gradually changed to as one of nutrients, As a main reason, dietary fibers includes many poly-or oligo-saccharides, which as resistant to alimentary hydrolyzing enzyme, However, parts of them are fermented by intestinal micro-organism to produce short chain fatty acids and so on. They are absorbed and utilized by human being. Now, it may be naturally accepted that dietary fiber is a kind of nutrients. Dietary fiber exerts many useful functions on body. They are classified into three large function , physicochemical function, physiological function and biological function. The last function of dietary fiber will be presented in the symphosium. Dietary fiber has several kinds of nutritional properties. One is energy source. Short chain fatty acids(SCFA) are oxidized and produced energy in body. Dietary fiber has not high energy, but not zero kilocalories. Another one is to be a constitutional component of higher animals' tissue. Last but most important one is physiological functions of dietary fiber.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1607-1613
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• 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is regarded as one of the most common and deadly forms of cancer. Gut microbiota is vital to retain and promote several functions of intestinal. Although previous researches have shown that some gut microbiota have the abilities to inhibit tumorigenesis and prevent cancer from progressing, they have not yet clearly identified associative mechanisms. This review not only concentrates on the antitumor effects of metabolites produced by gut microbiota, for example, SCFA, ferrichrome, urolithins, equol and conjugated linoleic acids, but also the molecules which constituted the bacterial cell wall have the antitumor effect in the host, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, β-glucans and peptidoglycan. The aim of our review is to develop a possible therapeutic method, which use the products of gut microbiota metabolism or gut microbiota constituents to help treat or prevent colorectal cancer.