• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2005

This paper addresses mobility management (MM) requirements and framework for systems beyond IMT-2000 (SBI2K), based on the standardization works that has so far been done in ITU-T study group 19. We first identify the requirements for MM in SBI2K. Based on the identified MM requirements, we describe the MM framework for location management and handover management for SBI2K. We then review and analyze some of the existing IP-based MM protocols. From the analysis and comparison, we see that the existing MM schemes cannot meet all of the MM requirements for SBI2K. It is naturally concluded that further work is needed to enhance the available MM schemes SBI2K.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2011

We analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcome of ileocecal and small bowel intussusceptions (ICI and SBI) in the pediatric patients. From August 2003 to July 2010, 144 children with intussusception were included in this study. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and Imaging study findings. A total of 86 children with ICI and 58 children with SBI were diagnosed. Children with SBI were older than ICI ($36.6{\pm}24.6$ months vs. $24.2{\pm}21.6$ months, p=0.002). Typical symptoms such as irritability, abdominal mass, bloody stool were more frequent in ICI than SBI (p<0.05) patients. In the ICI group, intussusceptums were reduced with air reduction (84.5%), surgery (17.4%), and spontaneity (1.2%). All patients in the SBI group were reduced spontaneously. SBI occurred in older age and was reduced spontaneously more frequently than ICI. Conservative management with close observation with follow-up by ultrasonography is recommended for SBI.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-128
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• 2011

Purpose: Blunt small bowel injury (SBI) is frequently combined other organ injury. So, clinical outcome and characteristics of SBI are influenced by other combined injuries. Thus, we analyzed isolated SBI patients and studied clinical outcome and characteristics. Methods: Between 2005 and 2010, 36 consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy due to isolated SBI were identified in a retrospectively collected. Database. Clinical outcome and characteristics were analyzed. Results: Laparotomy was performed in 36 patients. Primary repair was performed 17 patients. Segmental resection of small bowel was performed 19 patients. Median time gap from trauma to operation was 9 hours. In 24 hours from trauma, operation was performed 31 patients. Post operative death was 5 patients. Mean hospital stay was 18 days and median hospital stay was 12 days. There were significant differences between operation type and minor complication and hospital stay. And there were significant differences between time gap in 24 hours and minor complication. But, there were no significant between time gap and mortality. Conclusion: Although this study had many limitations, some valuable information was produced. When operation above 24 hours was delayed in SBI, minor complications were significantly increased. Segmental resection of small bowel in SBI were significantly increased minor complications and hospital stay. So, preventive measures for surgical site infection was important to reduce wound complication and hospital stay. Further continuous study and multi-center study were should be performed to improve clinical outcome in SBI.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2016

목적: 세균성 백신의 도입으로 인해 세균성 감염의 빈도가 감소하고, 바이러스 질환의 진단법이 발달함에 따라 어린 영아에서 발생하는 발열의 원인에 대한 진단적 패러다임의 변화가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 생후 100일 미만의 원인 불명 발열 환자들의 임상적인 특징을 조사하여 향후 대상 질환의 새로운 지침 수립을 위한 기초적인 국내 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법: 2013년 1월부터 2015년 9월 사이 대구가톨릭병원 소아청소년과에 발열로 입원한 생후 100일 미만 영아 183명의 의무 기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 체온이 $37.8^{\circ}C$ 이상이며, 병력 및 신체 진찰에서 원인 병소가 뚜렷하지 않고, 이전에 특이병력 없이 건강한 만삭아를 선정 기준으로 하였다. 분석변수로는 대상 환자들의 인구학적 특징, 임상 증상, 검사 결과 및 치료를 조사하였다. 심각한 세균감염(serious bacterial infection, SBI) 군과 바이러스 감염 및 국소 증상 없는 발열 증후군을 non-SBI 군으로 분류하여 양군을 비교하고 SBI의 위험 인자를 알아보았다. 결과: 총 183명의 환자들 가운데 뇌척수액 검사는 181명(98.9%)에서 시행되었고, 뇌척수액 백혈구 증가증은 65명(35.9%)에서 관찰되었다. 이 중 28명(43%)은 요로 감염에서 동반되었다. 바이러스가 원인인 경우에는 장바이러스가 13명(30%)으로 가장 많았고, 계절적으로 여름에 호발하였다. 세균 중에서는 Escherichia coli 가 53명(70%)으로 가장 많았다. 진성 균혈증은 2명(1.1%)으로 각각 B군 사슬알균 수막염과 Staphylococcus aureus 요로 감염 1명에서 세균이 검출되었다. 초기 경험적 항생제는 cefotaxime과 ampicillin 병합투여가 132명(72.1%)로 가장 많았다. 최종 진단명은 국소 증상 없는 발열 증후군이 47명(25.7%)으로 가장 많았고, 요로 감염 41명(22.4%), 무균성 수막염 37명(20.2%) 순이었다. 39명(21.3%)에서는 중복 진단이었던 바 요로 감염과 무균성 수막염의 조합이 25명(13.7%)으로 가장 많았다. SBI는 77명(42.1%)으로, 세균성 수막염 1명을 제외하고 요로 감염이 76명(99%)를 차지하였다. 출생 체중, 말초 혈액 백혈구 수, 적혈구 침강속도, C-반응 단백 및 입원기간은 SBI군에서 non-SBI군보다 유의하게 높았다. 남자(OR 4.93, 95% CI 1.60-15.24)와 농뇨(OR 18.88, 95% CI 6.76-52.76)가 SBI의 위험 인자로 나타났고, 형제가 있는 경우(OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.83)는 SBI의 위험이 낮았다. 결론: 본 연구에서 어린 영아의 심각한 세균 감염은 대부분 요로 감염이었고, 무균성 수막염이 동반되는 경우는 흔하지만, 세균성 수막염은 없었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 소변 검사를 통해 요로감염이 의심되는 어린 영아에서 요추 천자는 시행하지 않을 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.495-502
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• 2007

Species biotic index (SBI), based on a fish assemblage, was applied to a stream assessment using long-term ecological fish data set (1996 to 2001) in Boryong dam area, which is located in the mainstream of Ungchun Stream of Chungnam province, Korea. According to the methods of Hilsenhoff (1988), the scores of tolerance guild assigned 10 classes to each species by its habitat and feeding guild, but modified current 7 criteria to 5 scoring standards due to unclear borderline among species. Relative abundance in the species number of upper stream guilds was only 7% of the total, whereas the abundance in the species number of middle to downstream upper stream guilds was 64%. Mean SBI, based on dataset in Site 1 during 1995-2001 averaged 5.10, which was judged as a "good" condition by the rank criteria of SBI. Before the dam construction, mean SBI in the Site 1 was 4.61, indicating a "good" condition, but after the dam construction, mean SBI was 5.60, indicating a "fair" condition. Trajectory analysis in the Site 1 showed significantly (One-way ANOVA, $F_{6,21}=3.26$, p=0.02) different among years, reflecting the changes of fish composition and population density by the dam construction, whereas Site 2 showed no significant changes ($F_{6,21}=1.00$, P =0.45) difference among years. Mean SBI prior to the dam construction in the Site 3 was 4.52 but after the construction, the value was 6.30, indicating a distinct difference between the pre- and post-dam construction. Trajectory analysis at the Site 3 supported this fact: Values of SBI showed significantly ($F_{6,21}$=14.37, p<0.01) different. Mean SBI was 4.67 in the Site 4, indicating a "good" condition in the health and the health rank was same as the sampling sites 1, 2, and 4. Trajectory in the Site 4 showed no significant ($F_{6,21}=2.35$, p=0.07) difference among the years. Overall, our trajectory analysis indicated that three of four sampling sites (sites 1, 3, 4) showed significant decreases (n=7, p<0.05) and that the proportions of sensitive species declined evidently in the sites 1 and 2 and the tolerant species increased in the dam sites. Our outcomes may be used as a key data for diagnosis of the long-term ecological impact in the future in the watershed.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2005

We investigated the water environmental assessment by the species biotic index (SBI) of freshwater fish at the Namdaecheon in Gangneung city, Gangweon-do during June and July in 2004 and June in 2005. In fish fauna, 29 species and 10 families were collected. Dominant species was Zacco platypus (relative abundance 15.33%) and subdominant species was Rhynchocypris steindachneri (13.13%). Species biotic index (SBI) in station 1, 2, 3, 4 was 1.70, 2.85, 1.00 and 3.39 respectively and water environmental grade by SBI was all very good. Station 5 was 4.13 in SBI and good grade. Station 6 was 4.47 and fairly good. Station 7 was 7.25 and poor. And station 8 was 8.10 and very poor grade. Results of water environmental grade by SBI and water quality grade were very similar in this stream.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 건축외장재로 많이 사용되고 있는 알루미늄복합패널의 일반재와 난연재에 대한 화재성능 비교분석에 관해 연구하였다. 실험방법은 중소형 실험장치 중 콘칼로리미터 실험과 SBI(Single Burning Item)을 적용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 콘칼로리미터 실험에서 최대 열방출률이 일반 알루미늄복합패널은 $1,293kW/m^2$($75kW/m^2$), 난연 알루미늄복합패널은 $70kW/m^2$($75kW/m^2$)가 측정되었다. SBI 실험에서 화재확산지수가 일반 알루미늄복합패널은 약 743W/s이고 난연 알루미늄복합패널은 약 97 W/s의 값이 측정되었다. 이는 일반 알루미늄복합패널의 경우 건축물 내장재의 성능기준에서 난연기준에도 훨씬 못 미치고, 플래쉬 오버(Flash over) 발생 가능성을 나타내었다. 따라서 이러한 알루미늄복합패널의 화재 위험성을 평가하여 외장재로서 사용 시 갖춰야 할 조건에 대한 기준마련이 시급히 요구된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권9호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2018

Purpose: To study the usefulness of the procalcitonin (PCT) test in young febrile infants between 1 and 3 months of age. Methods: We evaluated the medical records of 336 febrile infants between 1 and 3 months of age who visited the Emergency Department or outpatient department of Samsung Changwon Hospital from May 2015 to February 2017, and analyzed the clinical characteristics between infants in the serious bacterial infection (SBI) group and non-SBI group. Results: Among the 336 infants, 38 (11.3%) had definitive SBI (bacteremia, n=3; meningitis, n=1; urinary tract infection, n=34). The mean PCT ($6.4{\pm}11.9ng/mL$) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level ($3.8{\pm}2.6mg/dL$), and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ($6,984{\pm}4,675$) for patients in the SBI group were significantly higher than those for patients in the non-SBI group (PCT, $0.3{\pm}1.2ng/mL$; CRP, $1.3{\pm}1.6mg/dL$; ANC, $4,888{\pm}3,661$). PCT had lower sensitivity (43.6%), but higher specificity (92.6%) and accuracy (86.9%) than CRP (92.3%, 25.3%, and 33.0%) for identifying SBI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for definitive SBI were PCT 77.0%, CRP 80.8%, WBC 56.8%, ANC 67.8%, and PLT 48.1%. The AUCs for definitive SBI were PCT+CRP 85.4%, PCT+WBC 77.2%, PCT+ANC 81.3%, CRP+WBC 80.1%, and CRP+ANC 81.6%. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the PCT test or a combination of PCT and CRP tests is a more accurate and specific biomarker to detect and rule out SBIs.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 2010년도 춘계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.493-500
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 EN 13823 기준을 적용한 시험방법인 SBI(Single Burning Item)을 이용하여 스티로폼 샌드위치패널의 화재특성에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 현재 국내에서는 샌드위치패널 화재특성 평가방법으로 ISO 5660-1(콘칼로리미터 시험방법)과 KS F 2271(난연성시험)이 사용되고 있지만 이러한 시험방법들은 시험 스케일과 시험편 및 가열조건의 한계점 등을 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1세트를 3개로 하여 총 9개의 75mm 두께인 스티로폼 샌드위치 패널을 이용한 실험을 실시하였다. 이를 통해 공학적인 화재 물성 값인 FIGRA(FIre Growth RAte, kW/s), SMOGRA(SMOke Growth RAte, m2/s2)등을 측정하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between strength balance and joint position sense related to the ankle joint in healthy women. Methods: Twenty-six healthy women were recruited. Isokinetic strength and joint position sense (JPS) were measured using a Biodex System 4 pro Dynamometer and a Biodex Advantage Software Package. Prior to measuring the JPS and isokinetic strength, the dominant foot was determined according to the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire. After the JPS test, isokinetic strength was evaluated in velocity $60^{\circ}s$, including practice trial ($90^{\circ}s$). Using the measured isokinetic strength, a Strength Balance Index (SBI) was calculated. Results: Relative to the SBI, the degree of imbalance was varied; but there were imbalances. For each starting position, JPS error showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The relationship between SBI and JPS was found during the inversion to eversion process, eversion to inversion, and dorsi flexion to plantar flexion. Conclusion: There are moderate to mild relationships between JPS and SBI during ankle movement. It is suggested that to prevent ankle injuries, strength balance should be considered along with the other potential factors including anatomical alignment, proprioception, and soft tissues problems.