• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.418-418
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• 2023

가뭄은 농업, 환경 및 사회경제적인 조건에 영향을 미치는 주요 자연 재해로 우리나라는 2015년부터 지속적인 가뭄 상황을 겪고 있다. 지속된 가뭄으로 인해 토양의 수분함량이 변화하여 농작물의 생장 활동 등에 영향을 미쳐 수확량이 낮아질 수 있다. 토양수분은 경사나 토질 등 지형학적인 특성에 따라 민감하게 반응하는 수문인자로, 특성을 광역적으로 정확하게 판단하기 어렵기 때문에 고해상도 원격탐사 자료를 활용하여 토양수분의 거동을 파악하는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 특히, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 관측은 작물과 기본적인 토양의 유전체 및 기하학적 특성에 민감하게 반응하기 때문에, 토양수분 및 농업적 가뭄 분석 연구에 활용되고 있다. 본 연구는 2025년 발사될 예정인 C-band SAR 수자원 위성 산출물인 토양수분을 적용한 농업적 가뭄지수산정 알고리즘 기법 개발 연구를 위하여, 수자원 위성과 제원이 비슷한 Sentinel-1 자료를 통해 산정된 토양수분을 활용하여 농업적 가뭄지수인 Soil Moisture Drought Index (SMDI)를 산정하고자 한다. 산정된 SMDI의 검증을 위해 지점 관측된 토양수분 자료와 비교하여 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) 분석 및 error matrix 기법 등을 활용하여 산정된 농업적 가뭄지수의 지역적 적용성을 파악하고자 한다. SAR 자료 기반의 농업적 가뭄지수 산정 알고리즘을 개발함으로써, 향후 제공될 수자원 위성의 자료를 활용한 가뭄 분석 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2011

Since the radar satellite missions such as TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed were launched in 2007, the spatial resolution of spaceborne SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) images reaches about 1 meter at spotlight mode. In 2011, the first Korean SAR satellite, KOMPSAT-5, will be launched, operating at X-band with the highest spatial resolution of 1 m as well. The improved spatial resolution of state-of-the-art SAR sensor suggests expanding InSAR(Interferometric SAR) analysis in urban monitoring. By the way, the shadow and layover phenomena are more prominent in urban areas due to building structure because of inherent side-looking geometry of SAR system. Up to date the most conventional algorithms do not consider the return signals at the frontage of building during InSAR phase and SAR intensity simulation. In this study the new algorithm introducing multi-scattering in layover region is proposed for phase and intensity simulation, which is utilized a precise LIDAR DSM(Digital Surface Model) in urban areas. The InSAR phases simulated by the proposed method are compared with TerraSAR-X spotlight data. As a result, both InSAR phases are well matched, even in layover areas. This study will be applied to urban monitoring using high resolution SAR data, in terms of change detection and displacement monitoring at the scale of building unit.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_3
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• pp.1671-1678
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• 2023

The Korea multi-purpose satellite (KOMPSAT) series consisting of multi-sensors has been used in various fields such as land, environmental monitoring, and disaster analysis since its first launch in 1999. Recently, as various information processing technologies (high-speed computing technology, computer vision, artificial intelligence, etc.) that are rapidly developing are utilized in the field of remote sensing, it has become possible to develop more various satellite image processing and analysis algorithms. In this special issue, we would like to introduce recently researched technologies related to the KOMPSAT image application and research topics participated in the 2023 Satellite Information Application Contest.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2001

SAR radar and FLIR images, which are taken from sensors on aircrafts or satellites, are compressed prior to transmission to facilitate rapid transfer through the limited bandwidth channels. In this case, it is important that it achieves compression ratio as high as possible as well as high target detection rate. In this paper a joint ATR-compression system based on the subband coding and VQ is proposed, which utilizes the encoder as a predictor or classifier for target detection. Simulation result shows that the proposed system achieves a relatively high level of target detection performance as well as a high compression ratio over 200:1.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.2_2
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• pp.327-338
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• 2018

The possibility of ship detection monitoring at operational level using KOMPSAT-5 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is investigated. For the analysis, the KOMPSAT-5 SLC images, which are collected from the west coast of Shinjin port and the northern coast of Jeju port are used along with portable AIS data from near the coast. The ship detection algorithm based on HVAS (Human Visual Attention System) was applied, which has significant advantages in terms of detection speed and accuracy compared to the commonly used CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate). As a result of the integrated analysis, the ship detection from KOMPSAT-5 and AIS were generally consistent except for small vessels. Some ships detected in KOMPSAT-5 but not in AIS are due to the data absence from AIS, while it is clearly visible in KOMPSAT-5. Meanwhile, SAR imagery also has some false alarms due to ship wakes, ghost effect, and DEM error (or satellite orbit error) during object masking in land. Improving the developed ship detection algorithm and collecting reliable AIS data will contribute for building wide integrated surveillance system of marine territory at operational level.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1371-1388
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• 2023

Floods are becoming more severe and frequent due to global warming-induced climate change. Water disasters are rising in Korea due to severe rainfall and wet seasons. This makes preventive climate change measures and efficient water catastrophe responses crucial, and synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery can help. This research created 1,423 water body learning datasets for individual water body regions along the Han and Nakdong waterways to reflect domestic water body properties discovered by Sentinel-1 satellite radar imagery. We created a document with exact data annotation criteria for many situations. After the dataset was processed, U-Net, a deep learning model, analyzed water body detection results. The results from applying the learned model to water body locations not involved in the learning process were studied to validate soil water body monitoring on a national scale. The analysis showed that the created water body area detected water bodies accurately (F1-Score: 0.987, Intersection over Union [IoU]: 0.955). Other domestic water body regions not used for training and evaluation showed similar accuracy (F1-Score: 0.941, IoU: 0.89). Both outcomes showed that the computer accurately spotted water bodies in most areas, however tiny streams and gloomy areas had problems. This work should improve water resource change and disaster damage surveillance. Future studies will likely include more water body attribute datasets. Such databases could help manage and monitor water bodies nationwide and shed light on misclassified regions.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.507-520
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• 2011

Conventional radar altimeter system measured directly the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface and frequently used by aircraft for approach and landing. The radar altimeter is good at flat surface like sea whereas it is difficult to determine precise three dimensional ground coordinates because the ground surface, unlike ocean, is very indented. To overcome this drawback of the radar altimeter, we have developed and validated the interferometric radar altimeter signal processing which is combined with new synthetic aperture and interferometric signal processing algorithm to extract precise three-dimensional ground coordinates. The proposed algorithm can accurately measure the three dimensional ground coordinates using three antennas. In a set of 70 simulations, the averages of errors in x, y and z directions were approximately -0.40 m, -0.02 m and 4.22 m, respectively and the RMSEs were about 3.40 m, 0.30 m and 6.20 m, respectively. The overall results represent that the proposed algorithm is effective for accurate three dimensional ground positioning.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_1
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• pp.947-960
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• 2017

Soil moisture plays an important role to affect the Earth's radiative energy balance and water cycle. In general, satellite observations are useful for estimating the soil moisture content. Passive microwave satellites have an advantage of direct sensitivity on surface soil moisture. However, their coarse spatial resolutions (10-36 km) are not suitable for regional-scale hydrological applications. Meanwhile, in-situ ground observations of point-based soil moisture content have the disadvantage of spatially discontinuous information. This paper presents an experimental soil moisture retrieval using Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) with 10m spatial resolution for cropland in South Korea. We developed a soil moisture retrieval algorithm based on the technique of linear regression and SVR (support vector regression) using the ground observations at five in-situ sites and Sentinel-1 SAR data from April to October in 2015-2017 period. Our results showed the polarization dependency on the different soil sensitivities at backscattered signals, but no polarization dependence on the accuracies. No particular seasonal characteristics of the soil moisture retrieval imply that soil moisture is generally more affected by hydro-meteorology and land surface characteristics than by phenological factors. At the narrower range of incidence angles, the relationship between the backscattered signal and soil moisture content was more distinct because the decreasing surface interference increased the retrieval accuracies under the condition of evenly distributed soil moisture (during the raining period or on the paddy field). We had an overall error estimate of RMSE (root mean square error) of approximately 6.5%. Our soil moisture retrieval algorithm will be improved if the effects of surface roughness, geomorphology, and soil properties would be considered in the future works.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.723-730
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• 2012

The radar cross section(RCS) of a trihedral corner reflector(TCR) should be accurately computed when it is used as an external calibration target for a satellite synthetic aperture radar(SAR) calibration campaign. This paper presents the RCS analysis on a trihedral corner reflector which is installed on a calibration site, using the wave reflection from the rough surface and the wave diffraction from the TCR edges. The results in this paper show quantitatively the effect of the front surface on the RCS of a TCR. The difference of the RCS between a TCR in air and a TCR on a ground surface is computed by including the interaction term which consists of the edge diffraction from the TCR edges and the surface reflection from the front rough surface. The reflection coefficient of a randomly rough surface is a function of the surface roughness and dielectric constant of the surface. The RCS of $10{\lambda}$ size TCR on a ground is 0.46 dB higher than TCR in air at 9.65 GHz, and this can reach at maximum 1.55 dB depending on a surface condition and TCR size. The effect of the front surface on the RCS of a TCR increases, as the surface roughness decreases, the soil moisture increases, and the size of TCR in wavelength decreases.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_3
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• pp.1311-1317
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• 2018

The ultimate goal of satellite development is to use information obtained from satellites. Therefore, national-levelsatellite development program should include not only hardware development, but also infrastructure establishment and application technology development for information utilization. Until now, Korea has developed various satellites and has been very useful in weather and maritime surveillance as well as various disasters. In particular, KOMPSAT (Korea Multi-purpose Satellite) images have been used extensively in agriculture, forestry and marine fields based on high spatial resolution, and has been widely used in research related to precision mapping and change detection. This special issue aims to introduce a variety of recent studies conducted using KOMPSAT optical and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images and to disseminate related satellite image application technologies to the public sector.