• 한국응급구조학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.7-16
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The present study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the perfromance of the emergency medical technicians (EMTs) utilizing smart advance life support (SALS) and to provide appropriate feedback to improve SALS performance. Methods: The study subjects were recruited from 119 EMT members working in G city participating in SALS project. A total of 155 data were used in the analysis. Results: Of the three areas, the mean score of importance was the highest (4.53±0.48). followed by educational needs (4.24±0.66), and SALS performance (4.08±0.55). Importance was identified as a significant factor influencing SALS performance (β=.187, p<.047).The length of education. work scope. amd role of level 1 EMTs vary significantly depending on the type of qualifications they have as emergency medical professionals, while the supply of level 1 EMTs has already reached a point of saturation. Accordingly, the current regulation on allowing level 2 EMTs with at least three years of experience to take the level 1 EMT test presents serious inequity for students just graduating from their emergency medical services program. It is also a factor that degrades the professionalism of level 1 EMTs. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was found that mediation and education programs need to be implemented to highlight the importance of the tasks performed in SALS situations in order to improve performance.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.499-503
• /
• 2006

This report presents a new technical approach for evaluating the fiber orientation of composites using small-angle light scattering (SALS). Glass fiber (GF)/polypropylene (PP) composites with different fiber orientations were prepared by drawing compression-molded specimens. The drawn samples were remelted and then annealed at $150^{\circ}C$ in order to induce a crystalline structure on the fiber surface, and then underwent SALS analysis. The samples showed a combination of circular and streak patterns. The model calculations demonstrated that the number of nuclei on the fiber surface and the thickness of the transcrystalline layer affected the sharpness and intensity of the streak pattern. In addition, the azimuthal angle of the streak pattern was found to be dependent on the direction of the transcrystalline layer, which correlated with the fiber direction. This correlation suggests that the fiber orientation in the composites can be easily evaluated using SALS.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제65권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2022

Objective : Angiolipomas are usually found in the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk and limbs. Spinal angiolipomas (SALs) are uncommon and have rarely been reported. We report a series of nine SALs patients who received surgical treatment in our department. To summarize the clinical characteristics of SALs, propose our surgical strategies, and evaluate the effects of the operation. Methods : This was a retrospective review of nine SALs patients who received surgical treatment from August 2015 to March 2020. Total or subtotal resection was determined by the axial localization (dorsal or ventral) and the extent of intervertebral foramen involvement. The outcomes were assessed based on the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scoring system utilized before surgery and at various follow-up points. Results : Among the nine patients, the mean mJOA score before surgery was 6.6±2.3, compared with 10.1±1.1 at the last follow-up time point (33.4±11.8 months). All patients achieved good outcomes, even in cases of subtotal resection. Conclusion : Early surgical resection of SALs is recommended, and the specific procedures should be determined by the axial localization (dorsal or ventral) and the extent of intervertebral foramen involvement. Most of the patients had a good prognosis, even in cases of subtotal resection.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2002

Effect of secondary air injection (SAI) on hydrocarbon reduction has been investigated in a single cylinder Sl engine operating at cold-steady/cold-start conditions. The hydrocarbon emission and exhaust gas temperature with and without catalytic converter were compared with continuous and synchronized SAIs, which injected secondary air intermittently into exhaust port. Effects of SAI location, SAI pressure, SAI timing, and location of catalytic converter have been investigated and the results are compared for both SAls with base condition. At cold-steady condition, the rate of HC reduction increased as the location of SAI was closer to the exhaust valve for both synchronized and continuous SAls. The emission of HC decreased with increasing exhaust-A/F when it was rich, and was relatively insensitive when it was lean. The timing of SAI in synchronized SAI had significant effect on HC reduction and exhaust gas temperature and the synchronized SAI was found to be more effective in HC reduction and exhaust gas temperature compared to the continuous SAI . At cold-start condition, when the catalytic converter was located 20 cm downstream from the exhaust port exit, the catalytic converter warm-up period for both SAls decreased by about 50%, and the accumulated hydrocarbon emission during the first 120 s decreased about by 56% and 22% with the synchronized and continuous SAIs, respectively, compared to that of the base condition.

• Korean Membrane Journal
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 2004

Small angle light scattering (SALS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) have been used to investigate the effects of alcohol on phase separation of chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC)/tetrahydrofuran (THF)/alcohol (9/61/30 wt%) solution during water vapor induced phase separation. A typical scattering pattern of nucleation & growth (NG) was observed for all casting solutions of CPVC/THF/alcohol. In the case of the phase separation of CPVC dope solution containing 30 wt% ethanol or n-propanol, the demixing with NG was observed to be heterogeneous. Meanwhile, the phase separation of CPVC dope solution with 30 wt% n-butanol was found to be predominantly homogeneous NG. Although the different phase separation behavior of NG was observed with types of alcohol additives, the resultant surface morphology had no remarkable differences. That is, even though the NG process by water vapor is either homogeneous or heterogeneous, this difference does not play a main role on the final surface morphology. However, it was estimated from the result of hydraulic flux that the phase separation by homogeneous NG provided the membrane geometry with lower resistance in comparison with that by heterogeneous one.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2002

Polysulfone (PSf/NMP/alcohol 용액과 chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC)/THF/Alcohol 용액에 대한 광산란 패턴을 SALS (Small angle light scattering)와 FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscope)을 이용하여 조사하였다. PSf 용액에서는 시간에 따라 q값의 최대 산란 강도를 보이는 광산란 거동을 나타내어 스피노달 (SD) 상분리 거동을 나타내는 반면, CPVC 용액에서는 q값이 증가함에 따라 광산란 강도가 줄어드는 핵성장 (NG) 거동을 나타냈다. 각 고분자 용액에서 상분리 중반과 후반부에서 비용매 첨가제로 사용된 알코올의 탄소수가 증가할수록 농도분극의 증가율은 줄어들었다. 또한, SD에서의 초반부의 시간에 따른 산란 강도는 비용매 첨가제의 종류에 무관하게 Cahn의 건형 이론에 잘 부합되었다. 또한, SALS 장치로 얻어진 기공크기와 전자현미경으로 얻어진 영역 크기는 상호간에 비교되었다. 20PSf/70NMP/10n-butano1 (w/w%) 용액에 대한 산란 패턴은 초기 상분리 거동에서부터 후기 거동까지 매우 선명하게 관측되었고, 초반, 중반, 그리고 후반부에 대한 SD에 대한 이론적 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 최고의 산란강도를 나타낸 각도의 크기는 n-butanol>n-propanol>methanol>no alcohol 순으로 관찰되었으며, 이 순서로 최종 형성된 막 단면의 기공 크기가 감소되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국막학회 2002년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
• /
• pp.96-98
• /
• 2002

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.993-1003
• /
• 2013

Methanotrophs are the most important sink of $CH_4$, which is a more highly potent greenhouse gas than $CO_2$. Methanotrophic abundance and community diversity in cover soils from two typical semi-aerobic landfills (SALs) in China were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Real time-PCR showed that Type I methanotrophs ranged from $1.07{\times}10^6$ to $2.34{\times}10^7$ copies/g soil and that of Type II methanotrophs from $1.51{\times}10^7$ to $1.83{\times}10^8$ copies/g soil. The ratio of Type II to Type I methanotrophic copy numbers ranged from 5.61 to 21.89, indicating that Type II methanotrophs dominated in SAL. DGGE revealed that Type I methanotrophs responded more sensitively to the environment, changing as the community structure varied with different soil types and locations. Methylobacter, Methylosarcina, and Methylomicrobium for Type I, and Methylocystis for Type II were most prevalent in the SAL cover layer. Abundant interflow $O_2$ with high $CH_4$ concentration in SALs is the reason for the higher population density of methanotrophs and the higher enrichment of Type II methanotrophs compared with anaerobic landfills and other ecosystems, which proved a conclusion that increasing the oxygen supply in a landfill cover layer would greatly improve $CH_4$ mitigation.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국막학회 1999년도 The 7th Summer Workshop of the Membrane Society of Korea
• /
• pp.79-82
• /
• 1999

Using Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS), the effect of quench depth on the kinetics of phase separation for ternary solution blends was investigated. The system was composed of two polymers (polystyrene and polybutadiene) and a solvent (toluene). The analyses of the early stage of phase separation were based of the Cahn-Hilliard theory [1,5]. Apparent diffusion coefficients and the fastest mode of fluctuations were evaluated, when quench depth of the system were varied near the critical composition of polymer. In the late stage of phase separation, the domain growth showed a power law with the 1/3 exponent, i.e. $q_m(t)~t^{-1/3}$. For comparison between real images and scattering profiles with time, the image of phase domains with time were obtained by using Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LSCM).

• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2002

2몰% 에틸가지를 포함하는 에틸 가지화 폴리에틸렌[PE(2)]과 에틸렌-프로필렌 몰비가 50:50 으로 같지만 입체규칙성이 다른 랜덤-에틸렌-프로필렌 고무(r-EPR), 교호-에틸렌-프로필렌고무(alt-EPR) 및 이소탁틱-교호-에틸렌-프로필렌 고무(iso-alt-EPR)를 에틸렌-프로필렌 고무의 입체규칙성의 차이에 대한 혼화성과 물성의 차이를 조사하기 위하여 혼합하였다. 혼합된 블렌드의 결정화도는 고무상 EPR 성분의 증가에 따라 감소되었으며, EPR의 입체규칙성이 작을수록, 혼합조성의 증가할수록 감소하였다. 열역학적 interaction parameter(x) 값은 3가지 블렌드 모두 거의 영에 가까운 값을 나타내어 본 블렌드계는 PE(2)의 녹는점 가까이 또는 그 이상에서 상호간 섞일 것으로 판단되었다. 녹는점($T_m$)과 결정화온도($T_c$)의 측정에서부터 세가지 블렌드는 혼합조성과 입체규칙성에 관계없이 직선관계를 보여주어 이 블렌드계의 PE(2)의 용융거동은 주로 희석효과(diluent effect)에 기인함을 알 수 있었다. Small angle light scattering(SALS) 방법에 의한 PE(2)의 spherulite의 크기는 세가지 블렌드계가 EPR의 혼합비 증가에 따라 증가하였으며, 같은 혼합비에서는 r-EPR>alt-EPR>iso-alt-EPR> 순서로 증가하였다.