• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2023

An enormous body of research is focused on finding ways to commercialize carotenoids produced by the unicellular green alga, Haematococcus, often without the benefit of a sound phylogenetic assessment. Evidence of cryptic diversity in the genus means that comparing results of pigment studies may be confounded by the absence of a phylogenetic framework. Moreover, previous work has identified unnamed strains that are likely candidates for species status. We reconstructed the phylogeny of an expanded sampling of Haematococcus isolates utilizing data from nuclear ribosomal markers (18S rRNA gene, 26S rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer [ITS]-1, 5.8S rRNA gene, and ITS-2) and the rbcL gene. In addition, we gathered morphological, ultrastructural and pigment data from key isolates of Haematococcus. Our expanded data and taxon sampling support the concept of a new species, H. privus, found exclusively in North America. Despite overlap in numerous morphological traits, results indicate that ratios of protoplast length to width and akinete diameter may be useful for discriminating Haematococcus lineages. High growth rate and robust astaxanthin yield indicate that H. rubicundus (SAG 34-1c) is worthy of additional scrutiny as a pigment source. With the description of H. privus, the evidence supports the existence of at least five, species-level lineages in the genus. Our phylogenetic assessment provides the tools to frame future pigment investigations of Haematococcus in an updated evolutionary context. In addition, our investigation highlighted open questions regarding polyploidy and sexuality in Haematococcus which demonstrate that much remains to be discovered about this green flagellate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2010

Wastewater treatment using algal communities and biodiesel production from wastewater-cultivated algal biomass is a promising green growth technology. In literature, there are many studies providing information on algal species producing high content of lipid. However, very little is known about adaptability and wastewater treatability of such high-lipid algal species. In this study, we attempted to characterize algal biomass production and wastewater treatability of high-lipid algal species under municipal wastewater condition. For this, four known high-lipid algal strains including Chlorella vulgaris AG 10032, Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG 278-2, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Botryococcus braunii UTEX 572 were individually inoculated into municipal wastewater where its indigenuous algal populations were removed prior to the inoculation, and the algae-inoculated wastewater was incubated in the presence of light source (80${\mu}E$) for 9 days in laboratory batch reactors. During the incubations, algal biomass production (dry weight) and the removals of dissolved organics (COD), nitrogen and phosphorous were measured in laboratory batch reactors. According to algal growth results, C. vulgaris, A. gracilis and S. quadricauda exhibited faster growth than indigenuous wastewater algal populations while B. braunii did not. The wastewater-growing strains exhibited efficient removals of total-N, ${NH_4}^+$-N, Total-P and ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P which satisfy the Korea water quality standards for effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. A. gracilis and S. quadricauda exhibited efficient and stable treatability of COD but C. vulgaris showed unstable treatability. Taken together with the results, A. gracilis and S. quadricauda were found to be suitable species for biomass production and wastewater treatment under municipal wastewater condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.891-896
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• 2006

The chemical components and antimicrobial effects were investigated to provide basic data that will predict the usefulness of Corni fructus as food materials. The carbohydrate, crude protein, lipid and ash contents of Corni fructus were 87.7, 3.2, 4.5 and 4.6% in dry basis, respectively. Total amino acid content of Corni fructus was 2,470 mg%. Major amino acids of Corni fructus were aspartic acid (523 mg%) and glutamic acid (247 mg%). The compositions of total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of Corni fructus were 30.8% and 69.2%, respectively. Major fatty acids of Corni fructus were linolic acid (33.3%), palmitic acid (25.1%), linolenic acid (21.6%) and olcic acid (13.2%). The mineral contents of Corni fructus were 2067.5 mg% of K, 372.9 mg% of Ca and 98.4 mg% of Mg in dry basis. The organic acid contents of Corni fructus were 19,478 mg% of formic acid, 18,167 mg% of succinic acid, 14,487 mg% of malonic acid and 13,018 mg% of malic acid. Naengmyon yuksu (beef stock for cold noodles) were prepared with the addition of Corni fructus. Corni fructus added to Naengmyon yuksu inactivated microorganism and inhibited the growth of microorganism during storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Naengmyon yuksu added 1.5 g of Corni fructus showed the highest sensory scores.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.443-449
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• 2015

Background: Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are clonal hematologic malignancies originating at the level of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that contribute to all stages of malignancy progression. Genetic variants in the MMP genes may influence the biological function of these enzymes and change their role in carcinogenesis and progression. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of associations between the -735 C/T and -1562 C/T polymorphisms in the MMP2 and MMP9 genes, respectively, and the risk of essential thrombocytosis (ET), and polycythemia vera (PV). Materials and Methods: The case-control study included JAK2V617F mutation positive 102 ET and PV patients and 111 controls. Polymorphisms were determined by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and electrophoresis. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between patient (ET+PV) and control groups regarding genotype distribution for MMP2 gene-735 C/T and MMP9 gene -1562 C/T polymorphisms and C/T allele frequency (p>0.050). Statistically borderline significance was observed between PV and control groups regarding genotype distribution for the MMP9 gene -1562 C/T polymorphism (p=0.050, OR=2.26, 95%Cl=0.99-5.16). Conclusions: Consequently this study supported that CC genotype of MMP9 gene -1562 C/T polymorphism may be related with PV even if with borderline significance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1982

Dissolved oxygen, BOD and flow pattern of the Nakdong River stream were measured for 3 years from 1978 to 1980 at quarterly intervals of January, April, June and October at 12 sites along the main stream from Sangju to Imhaejin and at 2 sites of Geumho and Nam River tributaries. With these data, the self-purification factors of the river were computed to obtain the following results: 1) The average BOD loads per day at the tributary of Geumho River were 94 tons in January, 39 tons in April, 60 tons in July and 54 tons in October, and these are considered to be the main source of water pollution toward the main stream of the Nakdong River. 2) Self-purification factors for the Hwawon-Hyunpung region of the main stream after receiving Geumho River water were computed to give $0.21{\sim}0.59$ of deoxygenation $constant(K_1)$ and $0.56{\sim}2.27$ of reaeration $constant(K_2)$. The oxygen-sag curves constructed for the main stream showed a remarkable decline at Hwawon and a quick recovery at Hyunpung, indicating a rapid decomposition of pollution loads received from the Geumho River. It was confirmed that the self-purification capacity of the Nakdong River was relatively high.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.4 no.1_2 s.5
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• pp.27-39
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• 1996

In the Cretaceous, the Gulf Coast Basin evolved as a marginal sag basin. Thick clastic and carbonate sequences cover the disturbed and diapirically deformed salt layer. In the Cretaceous the salinities of the Gulf Coast Basin probably matched the Holocene Persian Gulf, as is evidenced by the widespread development of supratidal anhydrite. The major Lower Cretaceous reservoir formations are the Cotton Valley, Hosston, Travis Peak siliciclastics, and Sligo, Trinity (Pine Island, Pearsall, Glen Rose), Edwards, Georgetown/Buda carbonates. Source rocks are down-dip offshore marine shales and marls, and seals are either up-dip shales, dense limestones, or evaporites. During this period, the entire Gulf Basin was a shallow sea which to the end of Cretaceous had been rimmed to the southwest by shallow marine carbonates while fine-grained terrigengus clastics were deposited on the northern and western margins of the basin. The main Upper Cretaceous reservoir groups of the Gulf Coast, which were deposited in the period of a major sea level .rise with the resulting deep water conditions, are Woodbinefruscaloosa sands, Austin chalk and carbonates, Taylor and Navarro sandstones. Source rocks are down-dip offshore shales and seals are up-dip shales. Major trap types of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous include salt-related anticlines from low relief pillows to complex salt diapirs. Growth fault structures with rollover anticlines on downthrown fault blocks are significant Gulf Coast traps. Permeability barriers, up-dip pinch-out sand bodies, and unconformity truncations also play a key role in oil exploration from the Cretaceous Gulf Coast reservoirs. The sedimentary sequences of the major Cretaceous reseuoir rocks are a good match to the regressional phases on the global sea level cuwe, suggesting that the Cretaceous Gulf Coast sedimentary stratigraphy relatively well reflects a response to eustatic sea level change throughout its history. Thus, of the three main factors controlling sedimentation (tectonic subsidence, sediment input, and eustatic sea level change) in the Gulf Coast Basin, sea-level ranks first in the period.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of different energy substrates on embryonic development of mouse embryos. Two cell embryos, recovered from ICR female mice (4 weeks old) at 44~52hrs after hCG injection (mated just after hCG injection), were cultured fur 72 hrs in the medium (MEM) supplemented with the three different energy substrates [glucose(G), pyruvate(P) and lactate(L)] and combinations (Control: 0 mM: group A: G 0.5; B: G 3.15; C: P 0.1; D: P 0.32; E: L 5.87; F: L 10.5; G: G0.5+P0.32+L10.5; H: G3.15+P0.1+L5.87; I: G0.5+P0.1+L5.87; J: G3.15+P0.32+L10.5). Blastocysts were stained differentially using PI and bisbenzimide. The 69.8% of the 2 cell embryos cultured in group F were developed the blastocysts. This was the highest (NS) than all other tested groups (44.2~62.8%). Blastocysts, cultured in the group E (60.4$\pm$26.9) and G (58.1$\pm$26.3), had significantly(p<0.05: group E vs. control, B, C, D; G vs. control, A, B, C, D) higher mean cell number compared with the other (42.6$\pm$25.8 ~ 55.2$\pm$31.3) and control (42.6$\pm$25.8) was at the basal level. The proportion of ICM (% ICM of total cells) in blastocysts cultured in group B (26.0$\pm$9.5%), C (29.6$\pm$22.8%) and J (26.0$\pm$11.8%) were significantly higher (p<0.05: control vs. group B, C, J: A vs. C, J; C vs. D, E, I) than those of other tested groups (15.0$\pm$10.6 ~ 23.8$\pm$ 12.9％) and control (15.0$\pm$10.6％) was at the basal level. These results showed that energy substrates supported the development of mouse 2 cell embryos, especially with greater embryo development in high dose of lactate added to media.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of different soy sauces. The soybean sauces brewed tty the A. oryzae koji(SAO), M. pilosus-1 koji(SMP) and the mixture of 50% M. pilosus-1 koji(SAM) during 90 days fermentation. Total nitrogen contents of the SAM, SAP and SMP were 13.6%, 1.15% and 1.22%, respectively. Content of amino type nitrogen in SAM was 0.78%, and the content was higher than those of SAO and SMP. Total free amino acid contents of SAO, SMP and SAM were 533.8, 732.4 and 807.3 mg/100 mL. The highest contents of free, amino acids were glutamic acid(65.20 mg/100 mL) in SAG, alanine(101.42 mg/100mL) in SMP, glutamic acid(130.52 mg/100 mL) in SAM. The highest activities of pretense and ${\beta}$-amylase showed in SAM, and the lowest activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase and glucoamylase were in SAO and SMP respectively. Hue angle values showed 56.3 in SAO, 29.0 in SMP and 32.2 in SAM. Monacolin K contents, as inhibitor of cholesterol bio-synthesis were 6.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL for SMP and 3.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL for SAM, and the inhibitory activities of SMP ane SAM aginst HMG-CoA reductase were 21.5 md 10.2%, respectively. Sensory scores for color, flavor, savory taste and overall taste of SAM was higher than those of SAO and SMP.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1991

In Summer, oxygen-deficient water masses were developed extensively in the closed eutrophic bays such as Chinhae Bay which results in mass mortality of marine organisms and severe decrease the production of the bay every year. Under the circumstances, this study was performed to investigate the oxygen depletion relating to eutrophication, and also to evaluate self-purfication capacity of Buk Bay by dissolved oxygen mass balance in 1988. The mean concentration of total inorganic nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were $11.06{\mu}g-at/l,\;0.80{\mu}g-at/l\;and\;1.11mg/m^3$ respectively, which were over eutrophication criteria. Oxygen-deficient water mass was formed in July with the minimum concentration of 2.08ml/l(mean) at the bottom of all stations and recovered slowly in August. The decay and reaeration coefficient calculated from dissloved oxygen sag curve were 0.222/day and 0.018ml/l/day, respectively. To maintain above 4ml/l of oxygen to prevent oxygen-deficient water mass, it is recommendable to supply as much as 0.856ml/l/day of dissolved oxygen or should be reduced the same mass loading of BOD from watershed by the construction of wastewater treatment plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-134
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• 1998

The study on the Assembling Mechanism of the Hairtail, Trichiurus lenpturus, at the Fishing Grounds of the Cheju Strait had been investigated by analyzing the relationship of the oceanographic conditions and the fishing ground of the Hairtail in the Cheju Strait. 1. The fishing grounds of the hairtail at the Cheju Strait are formed at the bottom of a high temperature of the tidal front at the coast. area of northern Cheju Island, the tip of the linguiform is high in salinity at the eastern and western entrances of Cheju Island, low salinity eddy on the surface and its surrounding front, various water masses in the Strait and coastal waters of the South Sea in Korea. 2. The fishing grounds of the Hairtail at the Cheju Strait begins with the sea surface temperature higher than $15^{\circ}C$ and the incoming of low salinity water now from the East China Sea. 3. Estimation of optimum temperature and salinity per season based upon analysis for relationship between temperature of water and salinity of the bottom layer and the catch is : 15.2~$16.4^{\circ}C$, 34.20~34.40${\textperthousand}$ in spring(June); 14.4~ $17.0^{\circ}C$, 33.70~34.30${\textperthousand}$ in summer(July~September); and 15.7~ $18.6^{\circ}C$, 33.70~34.50$\textperthousand$ in autumn(October~December). Hairtail are mostly caught at the Yellow Sea Warm Current and Tsushima Current with temperature over $14.5^{\circ}C$ and salinity over 33.70${\textperthousand}$ at the bottom layers of the Cheju Strait. 4. Considering the relationship between the amount of hairtail catch and the water temperature of bottom layer, when the bottom water being above $14.0^{\circ}C$ flowed into Cheju Strait through the western entrance of the strait in summer, the ca-h appears to have been abundant. In contrast, the catch has been poor when the temperature of such water was recorded to be below $13^{\circ}C$ Therefore, distribution patterns of water at the bottom layer can be used as a forecast index whether the catch of a certain year will be good or poor.