• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2022

This study investigated the optimal quality characteristics of sauerkraut made by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) sea salt to cabbage according to the storage period. The results showed that the pH and salinity of 0.5-2.5% sauerkraut decreased, while its total acidity increased during storage. After 20 d of storage, 1.5% or less sauerkraut showed low yellowness, but high brightness and hardness. Moreover, the lactic acid bacteria in 0.5-2.5% sauerkraut maintained at least 7.06 log CFU/mL until 28 d of storage, suggesting that the lower the salt concentration, the higher were the amount of lactic acid bacteria. The coliform group was not detected after 4 d of storage. In conclusion, the quality characteristics of sauerkraut with a salt concentration of 1.5% or less were excellent until 20 d of storage at 4℃. This study provides valuable data for the safe and high-quality assessment of low-salt sauerkraut in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.484-490
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• 2021

Purpose: A rheumatoid forefoot deformity includes severe hallux valgus and claw toe of the four lateral toes. The authors intended to analyze the mid-term results of the modified Hoffman procedure for a rheumatoid forefoot deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two feet of eighteen patients were followed up for more than two years after the modified Hoffman procedure. The mean age was 54.7 years, and the mean follow-up period was three years and four months. Clinically visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) MP-IP score were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively. The postoperative complications, the satisfaction of patients, and the presence of plantar callosity were also analyzed. Radiographically, the hallux valgus angle, the 1st intermetatarsal angle, the 1st interphalangeal angle, the 1st interphalangeal joint arthritic change after the operation, and the dorsiflexion angle and the time to union of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint were analyzed. Results: Clinically, the VAS and AOFAS score were respectively improved from 7.1 points and 30.3 points preoperatively to 1.5 points and 83.1 points postoperatively (p<0.001). All patients were satisfied with the results. Plantar callosity disappeared in all cases. Radiographically, the mean hallux valgus angle, the 1st intermetatarsal angle, and the 1st interphalangeal angle changed from 52.8°, 13.3°, and 7.5° preoperatively to 16.2°, 8.7°, and 14.6° postoperatively (p<0.001). The mean dorsiflexion angle of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint was 17.2° postoperatively. The mean time to radiographic union of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint was 11.1 weeks. There were two cock-up deformities of the lesser toe, one wound problem, and two hallux interphalangeal joint arthritis as a complication. There were no cases of nonunion of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. Conclusion: The modified Hoffman procedure appears to be a safe and satisfactory procedure for a rheumatoid forefoot deformity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.919-928
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• 2022

As seen in the COVID-19 pandemic, unexpected emergence of new viruses presents serious concern on public health. Especially, the absence of effective vaccines or antiviral drugs against emerging viruses significantly increases the severity of disease and duration of viral circulation among population. Natural products have served as a major source for safe and effective antiviral drugs. In this study, we examined the virucidal activity of medical herb extracts with a view to discover novel antiviral agents with desired levels of safety and antiviral efficacy. Ethanol extracts of ten selected medical herbs were tested for antioxidant activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity in various animal cell lines. Of note, the herbal extracts showed broad and potent virucidal activities against rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and influenza A virus. The extracts of Sorbus commixta and Glycyrrhiza uralensis showed strong virucidal activities against influenza A virus. We also examined whether the extracts of Sorbus commixta and Glycyrrhiza uralensis can be used as inactivating agents to prepare an inactivated viral vaccine. In a mouse model, influenza A virus inactivated by the extracts elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies, and the vaccination provided complete protection against lethal challenge. These results suggest that herb-derived natural products can be developed to antiviral drugs as well as inactivating agents for preparation of inactivated viral vaccines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 1985

Meteorological year variations for rice crop from 1973 to 1984 were compared by using air temperature and sunshine hour for nursery period, cooling index for reproductive stage and meteorological yield productivity index for ripening period. The most optimum transplanting date and heading date for crop yield based on real transplanting date-grain yield relationship or heading date-grain yield relationship, meteorological yield productivity index and actual results showed good agreement each other. Around May 26 for transplanting and August 10 for heading were the most optimum date in Indica/Japonica hybrid cultivars while these were about June 8 and August 23 for Japonica cultivars, respectively. On the other hand, theoretical late limiting heading date for safe ripening were August 20 for Indica/Japonica hybrid cultivars and August 30 for Japonica cultivars, respectively, for both methods, cumulative temperature method during ripening with 80% believable frequency and meteorological yield productive index method having 1000(kg/10a) yielding potential. Based on the yield forecast trial, the highest values of photosynthetic efficiency, 2.5%, and crop growth rate, 23g/㎡/day, were recorded during 30 days before rice heading. Considering the photosynthetic efficiency and solar radiation, the potential crop growth rate was more or less 30g/㎡/day and the biological grain yielding potential in a existing cultural practices was approximately 900-1000(kg/10a) in Milyang weather condition. To increase further yielding potential, either photosynthetic efficiency or harvest index or both should be improved by manipulating appropriate canopy architecture, plant spacing, fertilizer, chemical, etc.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.222-233
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• 2022

The heading responses of rice varieties that originated from South Korea, North Korea, and northern China were examined under the temperature and day-length conditions of 13 major rice production areas in North Korea. Kenjiandao3 and Nongdae3 originated from China, Olbyeo1, Olbyeo2 and Sonbong9 from North Korea, and Joun from South Korea demonstrated the earliest heading stage depending on the regional environment. Out of 40 rice varieties, 34 reached the heading stage within the regional safe marginal heading date (SMHD) under Haeju and Sariwon environmental conditions, while 16 to 17 varieties reached the heading stage under Wonsan, Changjon, Supung, and Yongyon environmental conditions. Some middle and mid-late maturing varieties that originated from South Korea reached the heading stage within the SMHD under the temperature and day-length conditions of Kaesong, Haeju, Sariwon, Nampo, and Pyongyang that are located in the west-southern plain. The majority of early maturing varieties, but not the middle or mid-late ones, reached the heading stage within the SMHD under the environmental conditions of Singye, Anju, Kusong, and Sinuiju. Only a few early maturing varieties demonstrated the heading stage within the SMHD under Yongyon, Changjon, and Wonsan environments. The number of days to heading was highly positively correlated among all regions; however, it was not consistent among the rice varieties. The 40 rice varieties that had been tested were classified into seven groups according to their heading responses to the temperature and day-length variations of the 13 regional conditions at 65% similarity level in cluster analysis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.457-473
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• 2023

Asbestos has been produced, imported and used in various industries in Korea over the past decades. Since asbestos causes fatal diseases such as malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer, the use of asbestos has been generally banned in Korea since 2009. However, there are still many asbestos-containing materials around us, and safe management is urgently needed. This study aims to examine asbestos-related trend changes using major asbestos-related keywords based on the asbestos trend analysis using big data for the past 32 years (1991 to 2022) in Korea. In addition, we reviewed both domestic trends related to the production, import, and use of asbestos before 1990 and asbestos-related policies from 2023 to 2027. From 1991 to 2000, main keywords related to asbestos were research, workers, carcinogens, and the environment because the carcinogenicity of asbestos was highlighted due to domestic production, import, and use of asbestos. From 2001 to 2010, the main keywords related to asbestos were lung cancer, litigation, carcinogens, exposure, and companies because lawsuits were initiated in the US and Japan in relation to carcinogenicity due to asbestos. From 2011 to 2020, the high ranking keywords related to asbestos were carcinogen, baseball field, school, slate, building, and abandoned asbestos mine due to the seriousness of the asbestos problem in Korea. From 2021 to present (2023), the main search keywords related to asbestos such as school, slate (asbestos cement), buildings, landscape stone, environmental impact assessment, apartment, and cement appeared.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.479-487
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• 2023

Recently, the destructive power of typhoons is continuously increasing owing to global warming. In a situation where the installation of floating wind turbines is increasing worldwide, concerns about the huge loss and collapse of floating offshore wind turbines owing to strong typhoons are deepening. A new type of disconnectable mooring system must be developed for the safe operation of floating offshore wind turbines. A new submersible mooring pulley considered in this study is devised to more easily attach or detach the floating of shore wind turbine with mooring lines compared with other disconnectable mooring apparatuses. To investigate the structural safety of the initial design of submersible mooring pulley that can be applied to an 8MW-class floating type offshore wind turbine, scale-down structural models were developed using a 3-D printer and structural tests were performed on the models. For the structural tests of the scale-down models, tensile specimens of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material that was used in the 3-D printing were prepared, and the material properties were evaluated by conducting the tensile tests. The finite element analysis (FEA) of submersible mooring pulley was performed by applying the material properties obtained from the tensile tests and the same load and boundary conditions as in the scale-down model structural tests. Through the FEA, the structural weak parts on the submersible mooring pulley were reviewed. The structural model tests were conducted considering the main load conditions of submersible mooring pulley, and the FEA and test results were compared for the locations that exceeded the maximum tensile stress of the material. The results of the FEA and structural model tests indicated that the connection structure of the body and the wheel was weak in operating conditions and that of the body and the chain stopper was weak in mooring conditions. The results of this study enabled to experimentally verify the structural safety of the initial design of submersible mooring pulley. The study results can be usefully used to improve the structural strength of submersible mooring pulley in a detailed design stage.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-144
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• 2014

In 2010, large areas of European airspace were closed by the volcanic ash generated by the eruption of Icelandic volcano and it disrupted global trade, business and travel which caused a huge economic damage on the air transport industry. This brought concerned about the economic impact by the eruption of Mt. Baekdu volcano. In this paper, we analyze the affected areas of the air transport industry were decided by calculating the PM10 density of volcanic ash changed over time and by determining the safe upper limit of ash density in their airspace. We separate the sales in the air transport industry according to each airline, airport, and month to estimate the direct losses when all flights inside a restricted zone were canceled. Also, we estimate the indirect losses in regional output, income, and value-added of the different major industries using interindustry (input-output) analysis. There is no direct damage from VEI 1 to VEI 5. But when VEI is 6, all flights to and from Yangyang airport will be canceled due to the No Fly Zone. And some flights to and from the airports Gimhae, Ulsan and Pohang will be restricted due to the Time Limited Zone. When VEI is 7, Yangyang, Gimhae, Ulsan, Pohang and Daegu airports will be closed and all flights will be canceled and delayed. During this time, the total economic losses on the air transport industry are estimated at 8.1 billion won(direct losses of about 3.55 billion won, indirect losses of about 4.57 billion won). Gimhae international airport accounted for 92% of the total loss and is the most affected area according to the volcanic ash scenario of Mt. Baekdu.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.22
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• pp.93-121
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• 2011

This article is concerned with the withdrawal of the compositional principle of Jinogigut which has been performed in Seoul and the identification of its meaning based on the withdrawal. Jinogigut is a world where a god is connected to humans in complicated manners, this world and the world of the dead coexist, and it is a process of demonstrating that the dead, who have stayed in the world of humans, enter the world of a god. Jinogigut shows the process of leading the dead to the world of the dead one after another. First, the god-centered street is continued, and the gut displays through which process a god will guide the dead to the world of the dead. Next, is a human-centered street, which exhibits the appearance of the dead heading to the world of the dead following the death angel, more in detail. Finally, a human-centered structure shows how humans enter the world of the dead. Through this repetition, it reveals that the dead take a seat in the world of the dead, at last. The organization of the later part of the world of the dead-oriented gut in Jinogigut, which is god-centered, continues to a human-centered gut through the meeting between a god and humans. and , which are continued, followed by , are ceremonial rituals that confirm the dead entering the world of the dead without any problem. Begareugi shows that the entering of the dead into the world of the dead was completed with perfection by cutting hemp cloth, and informs the living that the dead expressed gratitude for holding the ritual for him/her by appearing at the venue of the gut once again and that the dead settled into the world of death. , which finally holds ancestral rites to the god of ancestors who is seated in the world of the dead, reveals that the dead, who had been a human, has been transformed into the god of ancestors through Jinogigut. Jinogigut also performs the function of comforting a client (who is the family of the dead) of the gut, who has faced a sudden death in his/her family. What is the most important for consoling the client is to display that the dead has entered the world of the dead without any problem. Jinogigut shows this process through a three-layered structure. It exhibits how the dead would be moved to the world of gods, as well as the safe entering of the dead who followed Jeoseung-saja(envoy from the world of the dead) and who had appeared to this world from the world of the dead. Then, it demonstrates again the appearance of the dead entering the world of the dead following Barigongu; thus, it placates the heart of the client's family.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2023

Since there is a limit to the physically visible horizon that sensors for autonomous driving can perceive, complementary utilization of digital map data such as a Local Dynamic Map (LDM) along the probable route of an Autonomous Vehicle (AV) is proposed for safe and efficient driving. Although the amount of digital map data may be insignificant compared to the amount of information collected from the sensors of an AV, efficient management of map data is inevitable for the efficient information processing of AVs. The objective of this study is to analyze the efficiency of information use and information processing time of AV according to the expansion of the active section of LDM-based static road and traffic information. To carry out this objective, a microscopic simulator model, VISSIM and VISSIM COM, was employed, and an area of about 9 km × 13 km was selected in the Busan Metropolitan Area, which includes heterogeneous traffic flows (i.e., uninterrupted and interrupted flows) as well as various road geometries. In addition, the LDM information used in AVs refers to the real high-definition map (HDM) built on the basis of ISO 22726-1. As a result of the analysis, as the electronic horizon area increases, while short links are intensively recognized on interrupted urban roads and the sum of link lengths increases as well, the number of recognized links is relatively small on uninterrupted traffic road but the sum of link lengths is large due to a small number of long links. Therefore, this study showed that an efficient range of electronic horizon for HDM data collection, processing, and management are set as 600 m on interrupted urban roads considering the 12 links corresponding to three downstream intersections and 700 m on uninterrupted traffic road associated with the 10 km sum of link lengths, respectively.