• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.683-687
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• 2001

Objective : Angiogenesis, the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells, is a vital component in the development, progression, and metastasis of many human tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and induces angiogenesis and vascular permeability. The features of glioblastoma, distinct from low grade astrocytomas, are the presence of necroses and vascular endothelial proliferation. In this study, we investigated VEGF expression in the different grades of astrocytomas and determined whether VEGF expression correlates with development of glioblastoma and progression of astrocytomas. Patients and Methods : Forty seven patients with astrocytic tumors(24 males and 23 females), aged 3 to 65 years, were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using labelled streptavidin biotin method and primary antibody was a antirabbit polyclonal Ab against N-terminus region of VEGF165(Oncogene research product, MA, USA). Immunoreactivity(IR) was classified into no IR(absent or a trace of stain), moderate IR and intense IR by level of staining amount and intensity. Results : Six pilocytic astrocytomas showed 3 no IR and 3 moderate IR, 10 astrocytomas showed 2 no IR, 6 moderate IR and 2 intense IR, 12 anaplastic astrocytomas showed I no IR, 7 moderate IR and 4 intense IR and 19 glioblastomas showed 1 no IR, 11 moderate IR and 7 intense IR. Immunoreactivity was significantly different between low and high grade of tumors but there was no significant difference between anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Gemistocytic tumor cells represented the predominent VEGF-immunoreactive cell types, as compared with compactly-arranged small tumor cells. In glioblastomas VEGF IR was observed in both perinecrotic and vital tumor areas. Conclusion : VEGF seems to be a important angiogenic factor in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas and VEGF expression may contribute to neovascularization of human astrocytomas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1133-1138
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• 2006

Smilax china root has been used as traditional medicinal remedy in China and Korea and reported to have various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the possibility of development as natural antioxidants of Smilax china root extracts was investigated. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, aqueous- and 25% EtOH extract from Smilax china root were prepared and six different evaluation assay methods, i.e., measurement of total phenolics, radical scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite $(NO_2)$, reducing power, and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity, were used. The total phenolics content of two extracts was high as the level of 36 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 1 g of dried sample tested. The radical scavenging activities of ethanol extract toward DPPH and NO were better than those of aqueous extract (p<0.05). The $NO_2$ scavenging activity of both extracts showed the highest value at pH 1.2 (98%). Especially, the $NO_2$ scavenging activities of EtOH extract were significantly stronger than those of aqueous one at pH 4.2 (51%) and pH 6.0 (32%), respectively. In the reducing power test, both extracts revealed higher ferric ion reducing activity than known antioxidant, vitamin C at the level of $0.05\sim0.1mg/mL$ (p<0.01). The 1 mL of aqueous and 25% EtOH extract showed effective inhibition activity on tyrosinase activity as 45% and 53%, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that two extracts from Smilax china root may serve as useful natural antioxidants.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to obtain the effective concentration of capsaicin to relieve pain with no change in the number of C-fibers and its effective duration for pain relief. Capsaicin has been used extremely as a experimental tool and as topical medications for acute or chronic tissue injuries and partial nerve injury is the main cause of causalgiform pain disorders in humans. Here, the left sciatic nerve was ligated unilaterally at the high level of the thigh to prepare an animal model of this pain condition. The rat developed guarding behavior of the ipsilateral hind paw within a few hours after the operation and this behavior was maintained for several months thereafter, suggesting the possibility of spontaneous pain. These animals were divided into two groups(4-week & 8-week) and each group was subdivided into five groups by different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 & 2.0%). Each capsaicin concentration was treated locally on the spinal cord-side of the ligated nerve and the foot withdrawal latency was measured. Thereafter, the dorsal roots of L5 were removed from both sides immediately after in tracardial perfusion for the counting of C-fibers by the histological procedure. There were no significant differences in the foot-withdrawal latency and the number of C-fibers between the left side treated with 0.05% capsaicin and the right side treated with the vehicle. However, latencies of the left sides treated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% capsaicin increased significantly throughout 4-6 weeks with almost no change in the number of C-fibers, and the latencies showed the trends to approach slowly to those of the conditions after operation. The latency of subgroup treated with 2.0% increased by approximate 10% more than that of the right side throughout 8 weeks, and the number of C-fibers decreased by about 30% or more These results suggest that the elevated latency with capsaicin(0.1-1.0%) treatment is due to the inhibition of impulse transmission throughout the primary afferent fiber and the data from 2.0% are due to partial destruction of C-fibers. Therefore, capsaicin concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% are probably very effective for the treatment of causalgiform pain with almost no destruction of C-fibers.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.31-43
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• 2019

Take-overs occur in autonomous vehicles at levels 3 and 4 based on SAE. For safe take-over, it is necessary to set the time required for diverse drivers to complete take-over in various road conditions. In this study, take-over time and stabilization characteristics were measured to secure safety of take-over in autonomous vehicle. To this end, a virtual driving simulator was used to set up situations similar to those on real expressways. Fifty drivers with various sexes and ages participated in the experiment where changes in traffic volume and geometry were applied to measure change in takeover time and stabilization characteristics according to various road conditions. Experimental results show that the average take-over time was 2.3 seconds and the standard deviation was 0.1 second. As a result of analysis of stabilization characteristics, there was no difference in take-over stabilization time due to the difference of traffic volume, and there was a significant difference by curvature changes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.125-129
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• 2022

The purpose of study is to evaluate in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Moringa Folium and Eucommiae Cortex 2:1 (g/g) mixtures (MEMix). HaCaT and human normal dermal fibroblast were treated with 0.01-1 mg/mL of MEMix to monitor cytotoxicity. Radical scavenging activities of MEMix were examined by DPPH assay. To explore anti-inflammatory effect, Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with MEMix for 1h and subsequently exposed to LPS for 18h. NO release and cytotoxicity of Raw 264.7 cells were measured by adding Griess and MTT reagents, respectively. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 productions were examined by ELISA. Immunoblot analysis was conducted to examine COX-2 expression in MEMix pretreated Raw 264.7 cells. Up to 1 mg/mL concentration, treatment of MEMix for 24 h did not affect normal dermal fibroblast viability and significantly reduced cell viability of HaCaT cells with no concentration dependency. MEMix increased DPPH radical scavenging activity with concentration dependency. Radical scavenging activities by 1 mg/mL of MEMix was comparable with 30 µM of trolox. Pretreatment of MEMix did not change the reduction of Raw 264.7 cell viability. Exposure of LPS in Raw 264.7 cells significantly increased NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 productions, and MEMix pretreatment attenuated these productions by LPS concentration dependently. However, pretreatment with MEMix did not change COX-2 expression by LPS in Raw 264.7 cells. MEMix showed in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. MEMix would be useful candidate agent against inflammation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

Objectives: Objectives: The object of this study was to elucidate the possible effects on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen after single oral co-administration of Gamisoyo-san (GMSYS) with 2.5 hr-intervals combination therapy of tamoxifen with GMSYS. Methods: After 2.5 hr of 50 mg/kg of tamoxifen treatment, GMSYS 100 mg/kg was administered. The plasma was collected at 30 min before administration, 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hrs after end of GMSYS treatment, and plasma concentrations of tamoxifen were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods. PK parameters of tamoxifen were analysis as compared with tamoxifen single administered rats. Results: Although single co-administration with GMSYS with 2.5 hr-interval induced increased trends of plasma tamoxifen concentrations, there are no significant changes on the plasma concentrations of tamoxifen were demonstrated in tamoxifen and GMSYS 100 mg/kg co-administrated rats with 2.5 hr-intervals as compared to those of tamoxifen single 50 mg/kg treated rats, and also GMSYS co-administrated rats did not showed any significant changes on the all pharmacokinetic parameters as compared to those of tamoxifen single formula treated rats. Conclusions: According to the this study, single co-administration of GMSYS with 2.5 hr-intervals did not critically influenced on the oral bioavailability of tamoxifen, suggesting GMSYS did not critically influenced on the absorption and excretion of tamoxifen, the oral bioavailability, when they were co-administered with 2.5 hr-intervals, at the dose levels of tamoxifen 50 mg/kg and GMSYS 100 mg/kg.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.611-614
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• 2010

Substituted imidazolidin-2-ones deduced as potential inhibitors of IleRS by docking simulations were synthesized from an aziridine-2-carboxaldehyde. Reductive amination of an aziridine-2-carboxaldehyde with dipeptides for the substituents at N1 and followed by aziridine-ring expansion with triphosgene afforded 4-chloromethylimidazolidin-2-ones whose chloride were further manipulated towards phenylurea, pyrimidin-2-yl-urea or benzenesulfonamide at C4.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2007

This study was conducted to obtain information of the oral dose acute toxicity of PGB-2, a novel polyglucosamine polymer produced from Citrobacter sp. BL-4 (a new strain) in male and female mice. Mortality, body weight changes, clinical signs were monitored during 14 days after single oral dose of test article at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 ml/kg. Gross lesions, organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were examined after necropsy. As the results, we could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, changes in the body weight and gross findings except for white foci in the liver. In addition, no PGB-2-treatment related abnormal changes on the organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were detected except for atypical signs of liver. White liver foci were confirmed as focal infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results suggest that the PGB-2 is relatively safe in mice but the possibility of hepatotoxicity could not be excluded. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PGB-2 were considered over 2000 mg/kg, respectively. In future, the potential hepatotoxicity of PGB-2 should be evaluated through the repeat dose toxicity test prior to develop as a new agent.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

This study was performed to find out starch properties of rice grains in three varieties with different amylose content, Ilpumbyeo (non-waxy), Goami2 (high amylose), and Hwasunchalbyeo (waxy rice). There was no difference among physico-chemical characteristics of rice grains, but Goami 2 showed $2{\sim}3$ folds higher crude fat (1.36%) than Ilpumbyeo. Pasting properties of RVA showed the highest values of maximum viscosity, breakdown, and final viscosity in Ilpumbyeo. A similar chain length distribution of amylopectin was found in Ilpumbyeo and Hwasunchalbyeo, indicating that DP 12 had the highest distribution. Goami 2 had the highest distribution in DP 14, and showed the lower percent (14.1%) than other rice cultivars. Thermal properties of DSC showed that the values of Tc and Tp of Hwasunchalbyeo were similar to Ilpumbyeo, whereas a slightly higher Tc was observed. The absorbtion enthalpy was also the highest (11.1 mJ/mg) in Hwasunchalbyeo. Goami 2 showed higher To, but the lowest enthalpy (6.52 mJ/mg) compared to Ilpumbyeo (7.92 mJ/mg). Retrogradation properties, which were measured with the gelatinized rice sample used for DSC, and stored in $4^{\circ}C$ during 6 days, indicated that retrogradation absorbtion peak was the first peak at $52.6{\sim}55.2^{\circ}C$, and the second peak above $95^{\circ}C$. Retrogradation enthalpy of Goami 2 was the highest value (5.12 mJ/mg).

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2005

Background:Clozapine is a unique atypical antipsychotic medication. It is considered to be superior, even amongst the newer agents, in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, de novo emergence or exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive(OC) symptoms during treatment with clozapine has been reported. We prospectively evaluated 19 cases which newly developed OC symptoms during clozapine treatment and discussed the treatment of OC symptoms induced by it. Methods:We recruited 19 patients(8 males, 11 females) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who had developed OC symptoms during clozapine treatment. OC symptoms were assessed using the Padua-ICMA and YBOCS on a monthly basis over three months. Results:Eleven female and eight male patients were enrolled and the average age of patients was 32.8 years. At baseline, no patients showed OC symptoms. Moderate to severe OC symptoms appeared with mean daily dose of 298.68 mg of clozapine. There were no significant differences in improving OC symptoms between the clozapine dose reduction group and the OC treatment group. Conclusion:We noticed the possibility that the appearance of OC symptoms is connected with the effect of clozapine. The clozapine-induced OC symptoms were improved both by reducing clozapine daily doses, and by adding OC treatment drugs. With other atypical antipsychotics now available, to know and treat the side effects of clozapine would be of considerable value, offering clinical guidance in making a decision on treatment-resistant schizophrenia.