• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

Effects of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), benzoic acid (BA), and salicylic acid (SA) on the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase were studied in in vitro grown tobacco plants. After culturing the tobacco plants in MS medium containing $10^{-5}$ mM of p-CA, BA, and SA, the increase in the activities of two enzymes, glutathione reductase and catalase, were compared from day 20 to day 50 day, with an interval of 10 days. The growth of the tobacco plants treated with p-CA, BA, and SA was the highest on day 50. Analysis of the effect of the three substances on the activity of glutathione reductase showed that BA and p-CA decreased the activity of the enzyme compared with a control, and SA increased the activity of the enzyme. All of them showed the highest activity on day 40. SA increased the activity of catalase, but BA and p-CA reduced the activity of this enzyme. In all the experimental groups, the activity was the highest on day 40. In conclusion, p-CA and BA appear to promote the growth of tobacco plants. The growth was the best on day 50, but the activity of the antioxidative enzyme was inhibited. On the contrary, SA seemed to inhibit the growth of the tobacco plants but to promote the activity of glutathione reductase and catalase. The growth of the plants treated with SA was best on day 40.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.471-474
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• 2002

SA treatment significantly increased thermotolerance In cucumber seedlings. Pretreatment of seeds with $CaCl_2$ solution enhanced the SA- induced thermotolerance. On the contrary, pretreatment with the $Ca^{2+}$ chelator EGTA lowered this SA-induced thermotolerance. In addition, pretreatment with $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker verapamil also weakened the SA-induced thermotolerance. However, the calmodulin antagonist chlorpromazine(CPZ) had little effect on the SA-induced thermotolerance. Measurement of activity of the antioxidant enzyme APX and the level of lipid peroxidation (in term of MDA) indicated that heat stress induced an oxidative stress in cucumber seedlings. SA treatment induced higher activities of APX and a lower level of lipid peroxidation. $Ca^{2+}$ pretreatment further enhanced the SA-induced increase in APX activity and lowered the heat stress-induced lipid peroxidation, but EGTA pretreatment had a contrary effect. These results suggest that $Ca^{2+}$ and calmodulin may be involved In the acquisition of the SA-induced thermotolerance; antioxidant enzyme system take part in the final generation of the SA-induced thermotolerance.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2018

Recently, it has been reported that water pollution due to non-point pollutants continues. Studies have been actively carried out to prevent such non-point pollutants from flowing into the water system and to prevent water pollution. In this study, to evaluate the adequate design of the LID facilities the rainfall corresponding to 80% of the cumulative rainfall of Yongin city was applied to an SA / CA graph obtained from the analysis of monitoring results of the vegetation type LID facility. As a result, the appropriate SA/CA ratio was 0.6% for stormwater sustain efficiency 80% and the appropriate SA/CA ratio was 0.5% for TSS removal efficiency 80%. The appropriate SA/CA ratio of the vegetation type LID proposed in this study can be used as a basis. for the future vegetation type LID design. If more data of vegetation type LID are added through continuous research, it will be more accurate.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2022

The interest in LID facilities is increasing worldwide for recovery of natural water cycle system to destroy by urbanization. However, problems are raised when installation of LID because comprehensive analysis about design capacity adequacy of LID facilities was not conducted completely. In this research, removal efficiency and design volume adequacy of LID facilities were analyzed based on rainfall monitoring data in four LID facilities(Vegetated Swale, Vegetative Filter Strip, Bio-Retention and Permeable Pavement). As a result, group of LID facility designed on WQV was shown higher flow(37%) and pollutants(TSS, BOD, TN and TP) removal efficiencies(20 ~ 37%) than group of LID facility designed on WQF. SA/CA graph was drawn for evaluation of design volume adequacy based on rainfall monitoring data. In this SA/CA graph, coefficient of determination show over 0.5 in all parameter, especially, Flow and TP were show over 0.95. And, 'SA/CA & L/CA' graph considering difference of structure mechanism in LID facility suggested in this research was confirmed that improved coefficient of determination in flow, TSS and TP than SA/CA graph. According to this research results, feasibility of applying 'SA/CA & L/CA' graph for evaluation of design volume adequacy in LID facility, and it is necessary to follow up research for generalization and normalization.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2012

The growth rates of offspring of selected abalone (SA), Haliotis discus hannai, population for rapid growth were compared to those of offsping of the control abalone (CA) at bred under the same condition. The growth traits (shell length, shell breadth and total weight) of SA were significantly faster than those of CA at this experiment. At the 45th day and 90th day, the growth rates in shell length of SA were estimated 31.7% and 17.8% faster than those of CA, total weight of SA were estimated 43.7% and 25.6%, respectively. Moreover, the relative growth rate between shell length and total weight of SA showed significant differences higher than one in CA at 90th day. The results suggest a possibility of improving the growth rate of cultured abalone using selection techniques.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1987

There is evidence that the effect of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ on heart rate is temperature-dependent: at $38^{\circ}C$ excess $Ca^{2+}$ induces positive chronotropic response, whereas at $30^{\circ}C$ there is no significant chronotropic effect of $Ca^{2+}$. The cause of this temperature-dependency, however, remains still unclear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the chronotropic effect of external $Ca^{2+}$ at different temperature in the isolated rabbit atria and in the small strips of SA node cut perpendicularly to crista terminalis. In the isolated atria, the $Ca^{2+}$ effect was temperature-dependent: at $35^{\circ}C$ excess $Ca^{2+}$ evoked positive chronotropic response, while at $30^{\circ}C$ there was no significant changes in sinus rate. On the contrary, in the small SA strips external $Ca^{2+}$ induced negative chronotropic effect. At $35^{\circ}C$ changes in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration from 2 to 4, 6, and 10 mM decreased the sinus rate by $2.7{\pm}1.6%$, $11.2{\pm}3.7%$ and $23.2{\pm}8.1%$ respectively. Lowering the temperature to $30^{\circ}C$, the negative chronotropic effect of $Ca^{2+}$ became greater. With intracellular microelectrodes transmembrane potential was recorded in the small SA strips at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$ and $38^{\circ}C$. As temperature increased from 30 to $38^{\circ}C$, sinus rate was accelerated by $13/min/^{\circ}C$, $APD_{50}$(action ptential duration from peak to 50% repolarization) decreased by $5\;msec/^{\circ}C$, and amplitude of action potential was slightly decreased. With an increase in $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations from 0.5 to 6 mM, overshoot increased and MDP decreased. These $Ca^{2+}$ effects on the overshoot and MDP of action potentials were not altered by temperature. But the $Ca^{2+}$ effects on the rates of diastolic depolarization, systolic depolarization and repolarization were modified by temperature. Discrpancy of the chronotropic effects of $Ca^{2+}$ between isolated atria and small SA strips was discussed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2012

In our previous studies, dietary supplements of silk protein, sericin, and fibroin, were beneficial for improving epidermal levels of ceramides, which are the major lipids for maintaining the epidermal barrier. In this study, we investigated the dietary effects of silk protein on epidermal levels of free sphingoid bases and their phosphates such as $C_{18}$ sphingosine (So), $C_{18}$ sphinganine (Sa), $C_{18}$ sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and $C_{18}$ sphinganine-1-phosphate (Sa1P), which are either synthetic substrate or degradative metabolites of ceramides. Forty-five male NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis (AD), were divided into three groups: group CA was an atopic control and fed a control diet, group S was fed a 1% sericin diet, and group F was fed a 1% fibroin diet. Fifteen male BALB/c mice served as group C (control group) and were fed the control diet. All mice were fed with diets and water $ad$ $libitum$ for 10 weeks. Sa in group CA was lower than that in group C, but So in group CA was similar to that in group C. So and Sa were higher in groups S and F than those in group CA; So level was even higher than that in group C, and Sa level was similar to that of group C. The So/Sa ratio in group CA, which is reported to increase in AD, was significantly higher than that of group C. The So/Sa ratio was lower in groups S and F than that in group CA, and decreased further in group F. However, S1P and Sa1P in groups S and F were similar to those in group CA. Taken together, we demonstrated that silk protein, sericin and fibroin dietary supplements, increased So and Sa levels, and decreased the So/Sa ratio.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.198-206
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery. To study the effect of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, arterial strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for experiment using organ bath. The pre-contracted arterial strips with Phenylephrine(PE) was treated with various concentrations of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract(0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and $1.0mg/m{\ell}$). To determine the mechanisms of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang-induced vasorelaxant, DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract were infused into contracted arterial rings which had been pretreated by indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), $N{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine ($_L-NNA$), methylene blue(MB). And calcium chloride(Ca) 1 mM was infused into precontracted arterial ring induced by PE after treatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution. DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract revealed significant relaxation on PE-induced arterial contraction. DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract also had an effective relaxation to the intact endothelium arterial ring. SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery is related with NO-cGMP pathway. Pretreatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract inhibited the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by NE. This study indicated that the relaxation effect of SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery is related with NO-cGMP pathway. Pretreatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract inhibited the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by NE.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.128-133
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• 2009

We performed an experiment of keeping the extension of raw and semi-dried flounder (Pleuronectes herzensteini). The effect of with (WG) or without gill (OG), drying degree (20% drying: 20D, 40% drying: 40D) and storage temperature($5^{\circ}C$) and 0.1% chitosan-ascorbate (CA) treatment of vacuum packaging flounder on the growth of contaminated microorganism during storage for 10 days were investigated. Total aerobacter (TA) in the OG-treated raw flounder was $0.29{\sim}0.44$ log cycle lower than that of WG-treated flounder. Also, the number of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and E. coli (EO) in OG were lower compared with WG. The number of TA, SA and EO in 20 D among 0 D, 20 D and 40 D stored at $5^{\circ}C$ were lowest. Especially, the SA and EO was $0.13{\sim}0.53$, 0.3-0.88, and 0.13-0.74 log cycle lower compared with raw flounder. The growth of TA, SA and EO separated from raw flounder in tryptic soy broth were completely inhibited by 0.1% CA. The anti-biotical effect of CA of two microorganisms SA and EO that separated from flounder, and the growth of all of them were 90% (SA), 96% (EO) inhibited at the 0.1% CA. The inhibition times at $37^{\circ}C$ in soy broth was 36 hr. However when CA was added directly to flounder, it appeared inhibition effect to 0.88 log cycle. The effect of CA was better when gills removed and 20% drying.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.222-225
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• 2023

Metallic salts of C10-18 aliphatic carboxylic acids were prepared and their scanning electron microscopic images were analyzed for the morphology dependency with the metal and the carboxylic acid. Regardless of metal ion, metal salts of dicarboxylic acids showed a high crystallinity with a fiber image (SuA-Na). The aromatic dicarboxylates also represented a morphology of a rectangular-rod or board shapes (IA-Li, IA-Ba). With Na ion, most aliphatic carboxylate (MA, PA, SA) showed a fiber-like crystallinity. However, other monovalent Li, K and multivalent Mg, especially Al ion resulted a glassy-amorphous in the metallic salts of acids (MA, PA, SA). With divalent Ba and Ca ions, the metal salt of aliphatic acids expressed a branched round cluster shape as in SA-Ca, SA-Ba. Both Li and Mg ions with a similar size showed a strong morphological similarity in the metallic salts of aliphatic acids MA, PA, SA. In the case of Na and Ca ions with a similar size (98, 106 pm), both ionic salts of stearic acid gave a branching effect for a fiber or round granular image. In the case of hydroxyl-aliphatic acids (HLA, HPA, HSA), the fiber images in HLA-Na and HSA-Na was appeared about 100 nm thicker than those of nonhydroxycarboxylates (LA-Na, SA-Na). The metallic salts of unsaturated C-18 carboxylic acids (OlA, LeA and LnA) showed an amorphous glassy image due to a kinked carbon chain.