• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.6
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• pp.615-624
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• 2023

The focus of this study is on the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams in which basalt fiber and SBR latex were added and the cement was partially replaced with 10% of hypo sludge. Eight different mixes of reinforced beam specimens were tested under static loading behaviour. The experiments showed, the structural behaviour with features such as load-deflection relationships, crack pattern, crack propagation, number of crack, crack spacing and moment curvature. A stress-strain relationship to represent the overall behavior of reinforced concrete in tension, which includes the combined effects of cracking and mode of failure along the reinforcement, is proposed. The structural behaviour results of reinforced concrete beams with various types of mix were tested at the age of 28 days. The investigation revealed that the flexural behaviors of hypo sludge reinforced concrete beams with addition of basalt fiber and SBR latex was higher than that of control concrete reinforced beam. The specimen (LHSBFC) with 10% hypo sludge, 0.25% Basalt fiber and 10% SBR latex showed an increase of 5.08% load carrying capacity, 7.6% stiffness, 3.97% ductility, 31.29% energy dissipation when compared to the control concrete beam. The analytical investigation using FEM shows that it was in good agreement with the experimental investigation.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.5 s.101
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

Lab scale experimental study was carried out for SBR process, to investigate the effects of influent ship sewage organic compound removal and Bacillus sp. state on design parameters. This process was able to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic matter efficiently. More than $92.0\%$ of chemical oxygen demand(COD) were removed. In addition, about $84.0\%$ of total nitrogen (T-N) was reduced. The total phosphorus(T-P) reduction averaged $93\%$. The performance load of SBR process was shown to be $0.095kg{\cdot}TOC/m3{\cdot}day$. The pH was decreased from 8.1 to 7.0 within 30 min and increased to 7.3 at the end of anoxic stage, and these phenomena were explained. The sludge produced in the SBR process is characterized by low generation rate (about $0.36kg{\cdot}MLSS/kg{\cdot}TOC$) and excellent settleability. The number of Bacillus sp. in the SBR was $24.2\%$, indicating that Bacillus sp. was a predominant species in the reactor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.339-345
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• 2007

이번 연구에서는 pH 조작이 어려운 소규모 하수 처리장에서의 BNR 슬러지의 접종으로 인한 SBR start-up시 영양 염류 제거 특성 및 변화를 관찰 하였다. 1) 글루코즈를 탄소원으로 사용한 유기물 제거에 있어서 모두 85%이상의 높은 제거 효율을 보였으나 BNR 슬러지 접종 비율이나 유무에 따른 SBR의 유기물 제거에 미치는 영향은 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 2) 유입비율에 따라 암모니아 제거 효율은 BNR 슬러지 첨가 유무에 따라 바뀌었으며, 비율에 상관없이 첨가된 반응조는 7일 이내 $82{\sim}98%$에 달하는 제거율을 보였다. 3) 인 제거효율에 있어서는 유입비율에 따라 인 제거 효율이 증가하였으며, 첨가와 미첨가의 차이는 25%이상의 인 방출량 차이를 나타내었다. 4) 첨가한 BNR 슬러지의 비율이 전체의 40%이상일 때는 50%일 때와 큰 차이를 보이지 못했다. 5) FISH를 통하여 미생물 군집을 확인하였고 각 미생물들 간의 상대적인 비율과 heterotroph의 급격한 증식을 확인할 수 있었다. 6) pH, DO, ORP graph를 통한 Reactor의 실시간 조정 가능성을 볼 수 있었다. 7) BNR 슬러지를 접종하지 않을 경우, PAOs와 질산화 미생물의 성장이 더뎌 영양염류 제거가 어려웠다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.363-369
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• 1998

Photografting reaction onto styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as a function of monomer concentration, irradiation time and carbon black content has been studied using ultraviolet (UV). Acrylamide and benzophenone are used as monomer and photoinitiator, respectively. FT-IR ATR and static contact angle analysis using distilled water are used to measure the graft ratio of acrylamide onto SBR surface. Graft ratio of acrylamide increases with acrylamide concentration and irradiation time and contact angle tends to decrease with increasing graft ratio. It is observed that graft ratio increases with carbon black content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate of aerobic granulation by using sequencing batch reactor(SBR). To make aerobic granular sludge in short period of time, we used polymer. In case of SBR, we have studied on physicochemical characteristics of particle size, settling velocity, surface charge, and specific oxygen utilization rate(SOUR) depending on aerobic particle's formation. The results of running SBR with $5.4kg{\cdot}COD/m^3{\cdot}d$ of COD loading rate and 20 days reaction time showed that aerobic particle size, settling velocity, SOUR, surface charge, polysaccharide/protein(PS/PN) ratio were 2.6 mm, 1.7 cm/s, $346mg{\cdot}O_2/g{\cdot}MLVSS{\cdot}hr,\;(-)0.26{\cdot}meq/g{\cdot}MLVSS$, and 2.06 mg/mg respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2006

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is well adopted for community wastewater treatment for its simplicity, performance and various advantageous treatment options. SBR is now drawing attention for its process modification such as coupled with membrane bioreactor, reverse osmosis or applying different media to achieve high removal efficiency. This study focused on the improved efficiency of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal by applying zeolite materials called bioceramics to the SBR. Two laboratory-scale SBR units were operated in the same operating conditions - one with bioceramics called Bioceramic SBR (BCSBR) and the other without bioceramics used as control. Routine monitoring of COD, TP, $NH_3-N$, $NO_3-N$ was performed throughout this study. COD removal was about 80% to 100% and phosphorous removal was about 60% in the process whereas $NH_3-N$ removal efficiency was found to be 99.9% in the BCSBR unit. Addition of bioceramics also improved sludge characteristics such as sludge dewaterability, specific gravity and particle size. BCSBR can withstand high ammonia shock loading leading to the better treatment capacity of high ammonia containing wastewater. The cause of improved removal efficiencies within the biological reactor could be attributed to the biochemosorption mechanisms of bioceramics. Absorption/adsorption or desorption capacity of bioceramics was tested through laboratory experiments.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose new techniques that can improve the quality of AAC and SBR encoders comprised in low bitrate HE-AAC. To reduce the pre-echo artifacts often occurring for transient blocks in AAC, we propose an extended Temporal Noise Shaping (sTNS) in which the frequency range is selectively extended down to the low-frequency region. Also, for he high-frequency region being coded by SBR encoder, tones are identified through a sinusoidal modeling and their frequencies are adjusted within the QMF band in order to reduce the noise floor due to aliasing. Spectrograms of the decoded signals were compared and listening tests were conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1981

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the physical properties of cellular rubber products for industrial use. Vulcanization characteristics were investigated by usingcure curve that had obtained by means of Rheometer. The results of physical properties, vulcanization characteristics and foaming states are as follows. 1. The test results for vulcanization characteristics of NR compounds indicated that in the recipe R-1. When accelerator D is used, the optimum conditions of vulcanizate are obtained, while formula R-2 and R-3 have shown higher torgue at curing time, $1{\sim}2$ minutes. Cellular rubber product test in terms of compression set and compression deflection has also met the requirements of SAE. 2. For SBR compounds, S-1 formula was the best in terns of vulcanization characteristics, and for the blowing structure of cellular rubber products, formula S-3 in which accelerator M is added was fair. All other test results, such as compression set and compression deflection properties met SAE requirements. 3. NBR compound (N-1) including accelerator TT was the best in terms of vulcanization characteristic and also blowing structure. All other properties listed above met requirements, particulary for oil resistance test. 4. In the test of EPDM compounds, when mixed accelerator, M and TT, is used(formula E-1) the best results were obtained. Since EPDM is hydrocarbon elastomer, oil resistance test failed. All other properties met the requirement specified in SAE.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Experiments in a pilot-scale hybrid multi-stage unit system (HMUS) combination of ATAD and EGSB followed by SBR process for pig slurry treatment were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of using autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and expended granular sludge bed (EGSB) followed by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Contaminants in pig slurry with high organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content were completely removed in the combined process. The highest removal rate for CODcr among contaminants in the feed pig slurry was attained by about 43.3% in ATAD unit process. Also TS removal rate of 96.5% was attained and the highest in the next coagulation unit process. The highest removal rate of CODcr under operating parameter conditions of OLR(organic loading rate), 3-6Kg $COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and line velocity, 1.5-4m/h was earned at 3days of HRT. The disinfection of pathogens was effective at 50,000mg/L of TS in ATAD unit process. Biogas production per organic removal was $2.3{\sim}8.5m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$ (average $5.2m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$) in EGSB unit process. The average removal rates of CODcr 71.7%, TS 64.1%, TN 45.9%, and TP 50.4% were earned in the intermittent aeration SBR unit process.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.550-555
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• 2018

International Maritime Organization (IMO) is one of the most effective organizations in evolving international law for the protection and conservation of the marine environment. The IMO, MARPOL(Marine Pollution) 73/78 contains six Annexes that provide an overarching framework for the objectives of the international marine pollution. Annex IV was regulated by 64 th resolution in 2012 to control sea pollution from sewage. In 2014 large-scale wastewater treatment and nutrient removal device was developed with a grant from the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. A combined new process of Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) and Membrane Bioreactor(MBR) was developed to overcome the pollution caused by shipboard sewage. In the present study, shipboard sewage wastewater was treated by mixing and aeration cycle in the newly developed SBR process. Furthermore, during analysis by NGS technique(Macrogen Co., Ltd.), dominant species of bacteria were found in the aeration tank of the Bench-scale wastewater treatment facility. Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria accounted for 27.1 % of the aerobicbacteria and 16.8 % of the anaerobicbacteria, respectively. Microorganisms play a vital role in shipboard wastewater treatment. A further detailed study is required to understand the precise role of the microorganisms in the wastewater treatment.