• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.24 no.67
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• pp.61-68
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• 2001

A study to analyze and solve problems of multi wire installation duct experiment has presented in this paper. We have taken Taguchi's parameter design approach, specifically orthogonal array, and determined the optimal levels of the selected variables through ana1ysis of the experimental results using S/N ratio.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2002

A study to analyze and solve problems of multi wire installation duct experiment has presented in this paper. We have taken Taguchi's parameter design approach, specifically orthogonal array, and determined the optimal levels of the selected variables through analysis of the experimental results using S/N ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.124-131
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• 2019

A design study of gas turbine engine simulation duct was conducted to investigate the operating characteristics and control gain tunning of the Altitude Engine Test Facility(AETF). The simulation duct design involved testing variable spike nozzle and ISO standard choking nozzle to verify the measurements such as mass flow rate and thrust. The simulation duct air flow area was designed to satisfy Ma 0.4 at the aerodynamic interface plane(AIP) at engine design condition. The test conditions for verifying the AETF controls and measurement devices were deduced from 1D analysis and CFD calculation results. The spike-cone driving part was designed to withstand the applied aero-load, and satisfy the axial traversing speed of 10 mm/s at whole operation envelops.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1004-1013
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• 2002

Turbulent carbon dioxide flows and cooling heat transfers under supercritical state in a straight duct with a square cross-section are numerically analyzed employing low Reynolds number $\kappa-\varepsilon$ model and algebraic stress model. The flow is assumed to be (quasi-incompressible. Predicted Nusselt number and friction factor are compared with the experimental data, Blasius correlation for friction factor and Dittus-Boelter correlation for Nusselt number. Computational results for the Fanning's friction factor agree well with the all Rohsenow and Choi's correlation, Liou and Hwang's experimental data and Blasius correlation. The results obtained by algebraic stress model agree more with the Liou and Hwang's experimental data, while the results obtained by low Reynolds number $\kappa-\varepsilon$ model agree more with Blasius correlation. In the computation of Nusselt number, Dittus-Boelter correlation can not exactly fit the computational results. Therefore we propose the new correlation$Nu=0.053Re^{0.73}Pr^{0.4}$for the turbulent cooling heat transfer of carbon dioxide under supercritical state.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.220-224
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the dose dependent antifibrotic effects of polysaccharide from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. The experimental hepatic cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S) in rats. BDL/S rats in each group were dosed 0.5 mg, 2.0 mg, 5.0 mg or 10.O mg/rat/day orally for 4 weeks after the operation. Antifibrotic effects were evaluated by serum biochemical values, hydroxyproline contents, and light microscopical histology. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Hydroxyproline contents in liver of 5.0 and 10.0mg polysaccharide-treated BDL/S rats were significantly reduced 2) In serum test, ALT, AST, ALP values in polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum-treated group were lower than BDL/S control group 3) The hepatic damage such as hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, bile duct proliferation and fibrosis was less severe in the livers of 2.0 mg and 5.0 mg polysaccharide-treated rats. These results suggest that polysaccharide from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum to be a promising agent for the inhibition of hepatic cirrhosis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.272-281
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• 1989

It is desirable for the vertical wind tunnel which can build uniform air flow across the vertical duct to be used for the purpose of the investigation of the aerodynamic properties of grains. This study was conducted to examine how the air velocity profile in the vertical duct is influenced by the various alternations of the elements of the wind tunnel, and to prepare design guidance of the vertical wind tunnel which can be used for investigating aerodynamic properties of grains. In addition, several tests were conducted to locate the test section which can be applicable for determining the terminal velocity of grain. The following conclusions were obtained from the study: 1. The size and the location of the outlet of the plenum chamber should be determined such that the outlet air flow is less affected by the air flow and the back pressure by the side wall of the chamber. 2. The honeycomb was not helpful for attaining uniform air flow in case that the air flow profile at the bottom of the vertical duct is serverely different from the ideal one. 3. Even though considerable pressure drop was resulted from the screens installed within the vertical duct, the screens were helpful for attaining uniform air flow in the duct. 4. It is desirable for the test section to be located at the position that not only the air flow of the duct is not disturbed by the distorted back pressure in the plenum chamber, but also less boundary layer is developed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.513-520
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• 2004

A steady-state/transient performance simulation model was newly developed for the propulsion system of the CRW (Canard Rotor Wing) type UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) during flight mode transition. The CRW type UAV has a new concept RPV (Remotely Piloted Vehicle) which can fly at two flight modes such as the take-off/landing and low speed forward flight mode using the rotary wing driven by engine bypass exhaust gas and the high speed forward flight mode using the stopped wing and main engine thrust. The propulsion system of the CRW type UAV consists of the main engine system and the duct system. The flight vehicle may generally select a proper type and specific engine with acceptable thrust level to meet the flight mission in the propulsion system design phase. In this study, a turbojet engine with one spool was selected by decision of the vehicle system designer, and the duct system is composed of main duct, rotor duct, master valve, rotor tip-jet nozzles, and variable area main nozzle. In order to establish the safe flight mode transition region of the propulsion system, steady-state and transient performance simulation should be needed. Using this simulation model, the optimal fuel flow schedules were obtained to keep the proper surge margin and the turbine inlet temperature limitation through steady-state and transient performance estimation. Furthermore, these analysis results will be used to the control optimization of the propulsion system, later. In the transient performance model, ICV (Inter-Component Volume) model was used. The performance analysis using the developed models was performed at various flight conditions and fuel flow schedules, and these results could set the safe flight mode transition region to satisfy the turbine inlet temperature overshoot limitation as well as the compressor surge margin. Because the engine performance simulation results without the duct system were well agreed with the engine manufacturer's data and the analysis results using a commercial program, it was confirmed that the validity of the proposed performance model was verified. However, the propulsion system performance model including the duct system will be compared with experimental measuring data, later.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.373-379
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• 2002

This paper was the design of aerosol generator for inhalation toxicology study of lead and evaluation with real time monitoring, and applied several engineering methodology to classical aerosol generator to cope with it's disadvantages. According to the testing conditions, source temperature 50℃ and inlet-duct band heater temperature 150℃, aerosol generation results for sodium chloride and lead acetate were as followings: CPM(Count Per Minute) for Sodium chloride that used for the testing material in aerosol generation and inhalation system was decreased in the 2nd and the 3rd hour's serial trials, but CVs(coefficient of variation) were maintained within 10%. CPMs for 5 and 2.5 gram of lead acetate that used for aerosol generation and inhalation exposure of lead showed similar results because of the sedimentation of lead acetate on piezoelectric crystal with time. For that reason, heating and mixing of nebulizing solution will be needed to generate lead aerosol with stable profile and maximum generation efficiency. Fluctuations of 10 and 5 gram lead acetate were low but 2.5gram was high. However, CVs for 10, 5, and 2.5gram lead acetate were within 10%. Considering the theoretical efficiencies for sodium chloride and lead acetate, 5gram sodium chloride and 2.5gram lead acetate were appropriate choice. Aerosol generation characteristics for two materials with 1 hour interval were different with respect to the fluctuation of CPM and the decrease to 10gram in it's material. For that reason, sodium chloride can not be used to estimate the aerosol generation and it's related parts for lead acetate. According to the testing conditions, source temperature 20, 50, 70℃, and inlet-duct band heater temperature 20, 50, 100, 150, 200℃, aerosol generation results for sodium chloride and lead acetate were as followings: Excluding inlet-duct band temperature 200℃, maximum CPM for sodium chloride was manifested in source temperature 70℃ with each inlet-duct band temperature conditions. We suggest that this condition was the optimum in the design of aerosol generator, inhalation system, and the testing. Maximum CPMs for 10, 5, and 2.5gram sodium chloride were from source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃. Excluding inlet-duct band temperature 50, 200℃, maximum CPMs for lead acetate were indicated in source temperature 50℃ with each inlet-duct band temperature conditions. We suggest that this condition was the optimum in the design of aerosol generator, inhalation system, and the testing for lead inhalation study. Source and inlet-duct band temperatures for 10, 5, 2.5gram lead acetate were 50 and 100℃, 50 and 100℃, 50 and 150℃, respectively. In conclusion, considering above 2 paragraphs of results for aerosol generation, 5gram efficiencies for sodium chloride, lead acetate were higher than 2.5gram's. If inlet-duct band temperature was same, aerosol generation was increased with increase of source temperature. To get maximum aerosol generation will be the conditions that set the appropriate inlet-duel band temperature for each materials and increase the source temperature.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 2006

The threadlike structures of fascia were examined by tight and electron microscopy. In order to distinguish its tissue organization, we used staining methods including hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Van Gieson's collagen fiber stain and Kluver-Barrera's luxol fast blue for nerve stain. Under the light microscope, the threadlike structures were composed of many collagen fibers and nerve. In higher magnification, they looked like as the bundle of tubular structures. Many myoid cell-spindle nuclei were observed in the tissue, which were taken from the fascia. It was identical with Bonghan duct known as one of meridian network theory. In the early 1960's the North Korean Bong-Han Kim showed the anatomical structures of the acupuncture points, and explained the meridian system as the concrete duct network system. According to Bonghan theory the Bonghan ducts spread throughout the body Because it is believed that the duct could have the role of signal pathway, the theory was reinvestigated in these days. All of the threadlike structures isolated from fascia shows the abundance of collagen fibers. The electron microscope examination (TEM) could confirm the well arranged collagen fiber and nerve. This investigation reveals that superficial Bohghan duct are nerve fiber parallel running with collagen fibers. We conjectured that the intermingled structure of collagen fiber, blood vessel and nerve fiber might have the role of meridian system. And the more, regardless of histological research, the study on collagen fiber as response transmitter in acupuncture treatment are in need.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: Bile duct stones (BDS) can be managed either prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or with laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE) at the time of LC. The latter is underutilised. The aim of this study was to use the dataset of the previously performed CholeS study to investigate LBDE hospital volumes, LBDE-to-LC rates, and LBDE outcomes. Methods: Data from 166 United Kingdom/Republic of Ireland hospitals were used to study the utilisation of LBDE in LC patients. Results: Of 8,820 LCs performed, 932 patients (10.6%) underwent preoperative ERCP and 256 patients (2.9%) underwent LBDE. Of the 256 patients who underwent LBDE, 73 patients (28.5%) had undergone prior ERCP and 112 patients (43.8%) had undergone prior magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Fifteen (9.0%) of the 166 included hospitals performed less than five LBDEs in the two-month study period. LBDEs were mainly performed by upper gastrointestinal surgeons (84.4%) and colorectal surgeons (10.0%). Eighty-seven percent of the LBDEs were performed by consultants and 13.0% were performed by trainees. The laparoscopic-to-open conversion rate was 12.5%. The median operation time was 111 minutes (range: 75-155 minutes). Median hospital stay was 6 days (range: 4-11 days) for emergency LBDEs and 1 day (range: 1-4 days) for elective LBDEs. Overall morbidity was 21.5%. Bile leak rate was 5.3%. Thirty-day readmission and mortality rates were 12.1% and 0.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The single-stage approach to managing BDS was underutilised. An additional prospective study with a longer study period is needed to verify this finding.