• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2015

This research was conducted in order to examine the effect of tooth brushing room M elementary school in Changwon-city and to provide foundation data for effective project operation afterwards. The subjects were 347 students at the M elementary school where the tooth brushing room was being taught. The control group is 289 students at J elementary school where the tooth brushing room was not being taught. Research and analysis were carried out with structured survey and examination of decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, decayed, missing, filled tooth surface (DMFS) index and O'leary index. The data was analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 19.0 program and the result is as follows: Depends on the tooth brushing room there was difference in statistical significance in filling teeth, sealant tooth surface, filling tooth surface, missing tooth surface, DMFS, O'leary index between the subject and control group. The less the frequency of brushing, the higher the DMFT index. Negative correlation was statistically significant. With incorrect brushing method, the less the frequency, the higher the DMFS index, Negative correlation was statistically significant. When the tooth brushing room was being implemented, O'leary index became low, negative correlation was statistically significant. As a result, in order to continue the effective operation of tooth brushing room, constant supervision and monitoring on students should be acutely needed by a principal, a school nurse and teachers in charge. Also together with a systemized cooperation between a health center and a nearby university's related majors departments, the research proposes to execute constant oral health education and to expand the implementation project of the tooth brushing room at nearby elementary schools.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.105 no.4
• /
• pp.401-413
• /
• 2016

Forest resources utilization and variable disturbance history have been affected the rarity and conservation value of forest relict trees, which served as habitat for forest biodiversity, important carbon stock and cultural role include human and natural history in South Korea. This study was conducted to establish the baseline data for forest resources conservation by clarifying species diversity, spatial distribution and ecological characteristics (individual and habitat) of forest relict trees (DBH > 300 cm) based on the data getting from mountain trail, high resolution aerial photos and field professionals and field survey. As results, 54 taxa (18 family 32 genus 48 species 1 subspecies 3 variety and 2 form) as about 22% of tree species in Korea was identified in the field. 837 individuals of forest relict trees were observed and the majority of the trees was in Pinaceae, deciduous Fagaceae and Rosaceae, which families are abundant in population diversity. High elevation area was important to relict trees as mean altitudinal distribution was 1,200 m a.s.l as likely affected by human activity gradients and mid-steep slope and North aspect was important environment for the trees remain. Many individuals exhibited 'damage larger branch' (55.6%) and consequent relatively lower mean canopy coverages (below 80%). Synthetically, present diversity and abundance of relict forest trees in South Korea were the result of complex process among climate variation, local weather and biological factors and the trees of big and old were estimated to important forest biodiversity elements. In the future, clarifying the role and function of relict trees in forest ecosystem, in- and ex- situ programmes for important trees and habitat, and activities for building the background of conservation policy such as "Guideline for identifying and measurement of forest relict trees".

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.407-413
• /
• 2018

The current study reviews the manufacturing characteristics, upon aging, using different distillation methods with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 88-4 isolated from traditional Nuruk. The alcohol content slightly decreased at 180 days of aging period, under the conditions: -60 cmHg, distilling temperature $50^{\circ}C$, head cut 7%, and body cut 30%. The alcohol content decreased by 2.2% at: -50 cmHg, distilling temperature $60^{\circ}C$, head cut 7%, and body cut 30%. From 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis, the TBA values were not found to change significantly in most of the alcohols, but increased at conditions of: -60 cmHg, distilling temperature $60^{\circ}C$, head cut 7%, and body cut 50% and -50 cmHg, distilling temperature $50^{\circ}C$, head cut 7%, and body cut 50%, when initial alcohol levels were low. According to n-propanol, iso-butanol, and isoamyl alcohol analysis, with increasing aging period, the n-propanol and isoamyl alcohol content did not change, although that of iso-butanol decreased. The flavor components showed different results based on the aging period. Results of sensory evaluation showed no significant difference based on aging. The sensory evaluation test was continued for 180 days at a condition of: -60 cmHg, distilling temperature $60^{\circ}C$, and body cut 50%, which had the best overall evaluation ($5.8{\pm}0.9$).

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.413-444
• /
• 2010

The purpose of the present study is to develop an instrument of mathematical learning motivation and causal attribution for students and to analyze the results of the instrument. Based on the literature review, mathematical learning motivation is the cumulative effects of self-assessment and self-regulation in mathematical learning and achievement experience. Three factors of mathematical learning motivation is identified as self-regulatory efficacy, task difficulty and mathematical anxiety with 17 self-regulatory efficacy items, 9 task difficulty items and 9 mathematical anxiety items. Three factors of causal attribution for success is identified as ability/effort, luck, and other person with 6 ability/effort items, 4 luck items and 3 other person items. Also, four factors of causal attribution for failure is identified as ability, effort, luck, and other person with 3 ability items, 7 effort items, 3 luck items and 4 other person items. The instrument of mathematical learning motivation and causal attribution for success and failure was administered to 919 middle school students from eight different middle middle schools in Seoul, Gyeonggi-Do, Busan, jeolla-Do area. The correlation of three factors of mathematical learning motivation was calculated. As a result, a positive correlation between self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty was appeared but mathematical anxiety has a negative correlation with self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty. This study also examined the differences about mathematical learning motivation's sub-factors shown by three groups of mathematics achievement level. Students of higher achievement level showed that the degree of self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty was higher than that of lower level group. Students of lowest achievement level showed significantly higher mathematical anxiety degree than that of middle and high group. Students that have higher degree of self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty preference were attributed into ability/effort cause toward success of mathematics achievement. Also, Male students preferred more difficult task and higher degree of self-regulatory efficacy in mathematics learning than female students. On the contrary, Female students showed higher mathematical anxiety level than male students.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.213-218
• /
• 2007

Purpose: Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) is gaining wider acceptance for the treatment of early gastric cancer. However, firm evidence supporting the long-term outcome after LADG for gastric cancer is unknown. This study compared long-term quality of life after LADG versus an open distal gastrectomy (ODG) for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study included 29 patients who underwent LADG and 57 patients who underwent ODG for the treatment of stage I gastric cancer. Quality of life was evaluated based on the Korean version of EORTC QLQ-C30 (version 3.0) and EORTC QLQ-STO22 one year after surgery. All patients underwent a Billroth II gastrectomy for stage I gastric cancer between January 2003 and December 2004. Results: A total of 86 (58%) out of 154 patients responded to the questionnaire. Demographic features showed no difference between the two groups of patients for age, sex, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis except for tumor size and the number of retrieved lymph nodes. The mean score for global health status was not statistically different (LADG, $60.3{\pm}20.4$ vs ODG, $57{\pm}20.6$; P=0.413). The total score of 21 items related to stomach cancer (EORTC QLQ-STO22) also was not statistically different (LADG, $68.9{\pm}64.9$ vs ODG, $94.5{\pm}97.3$; P=0.340). Conclusion: Based on the results of the Korean version of EORTC QLQ-C 30 (version 3.0) and EORTC. QLQ-STO22, LADG does not seem to have any long-term benefit over ODG on 'quality of life'.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.268-278
• /
• 2003

Purpose：The aim of this study was to evaluate the striatal binding ratio, the anterior/posterior ratio and reproducibility using a template based registration method using the standard MR template as a replacement for each patients MR image. Materials and Methods：This study analyzed the 123I IPT SPECT images of 30 patients with IPD, who were subdivided into 17 patients (56.6$\pm$10.8 yr, M/F : 8/9.) with mild IPD, and 13 patients (56.4$\pm$11.1 yr, M/F : 8/5) with severe IPD. In addition, 11 normal controls (57.8$\pm$14.4 yr, M/F : 4/7) were also analyzed. The ROIs were positioned manually in the same slice showing the highest striatal activity using the traditional manual method, whereas those were positioned automatically in a mid striatal slice of the SPECT image coregistered to the standard T1 weighted MR template. Results : The specific binding ratio (SBR) obtained using the template based registration method strongly correlated with those using the manual method in all groups : normal controls (r=0.85, P<0.001), mild IPD (r=0.84, P<0.001) and severe IPD (r=0.7, P=0.01). The SBRs obtained using both methods were significantly different among the three groups (P=0.05) and the SBRs obtained by the template based registration method were higher than those by the manual method (P=0.05) in all three groups. The APRs obtained by the template based registration correlated with those using manual method in only mild IPD (r=0.72, P=0.0). The APRs obtained by the template based registration method were significantly different from the normal controls and those with mild or severe IPD (P<0.05), whereas those obtained using the manual method were not significantly different among the three groups (P＞0.1). The reproducibility (rmsCV) of the template based registration method was 7.2% (normal controls：5.2%, mild IPD：4.2%, severe IPD：10.8%), whereas the reproducibility of the manual method was 31% (normal controls：19.7%, mild IPD：21.7%, severe IPD：46.2%). Conclusion：These results show that the use of $^{123}$ I-IPT SPECT for assessing IPD is affected by the methods used to position the striatal ROI. The template based registration method using the standard MR template can be useful in diagnosing IPD and assessing the disease severity with a high reproducibility. Therefore, the template based registration method appears to be a good replacement for the manual method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.12
• /
• pp.1942-1947
• /
• 2014

Nutritional compositions of Korean traditional actinidia (Actinidia arguta) cultivars, such as Otumsense, Chiak, and Skinny green, were investigated as high value-added food substances. Among minerals, K content of three cultivars was the highest, and P, Ca, and Na contents were relatively higher than those of other minerals. Contents of essential amino acids were analyzed as follows: Otumsense (198.48 mg/100 g), Chiak (413.50 mg/100 g), and Skinny green (270.07 mg/100 g). Total amino acids of Chiak were the highest among the three cultivars, and major amino acids of the three cultivars were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Analysis of fatty acids showed that major fatty acids were palmitic acid as a saturated fatted acid and ${\alpha}$-linoleic acid as an unsaturated fatty acid in the three cultivars. Glucose and fructose were major free sugar constituents in the three cultivars. Total free sugar content of Otumsense was relatively higher than others. Finally, niacin and vitamin $B_6$ of Skinny green (1.55 mg/100 g, 1.92 mg/100 g) were the highest among the cultivars. However, ${\beta}$-carotene as a vitamin A precursor ($3.82{\mu}g/100g$) and vitamin C as a natural antioxidant substance (47.18 mg/100 g) of Otumsense cultivar were the highest.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.409-413
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: Cereals, especially rice is the staple food of oriental nations and because it is very important for Korean food, to determine the extent of nutrient losses due to milling, we analyzed the fatty acid using by GC-FID(Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector). Experimented rice cereals were rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, Seodunchalbori, Saessalbori, Keunalbori No.1, barnyard millet produced in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: After milling, the contents of fatty acids in the rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, and Seodunchalbori, Keunalbori No.1 rather decreased, but in the Saessalbori, and barnyard mille increased. Particularly, fatty acid content of the rice decreased from 24.8 mg/g to 6.4 mg/g, glutinous rice decreased from 29.4 mg/g to 11.7 mg/g after milling. There were also significant changes in the compositions of fatty acid among samples. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) increased from 5% to 15%, but oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) decreased in the rice after milling. CONCLUSION(s):In the brown rice, 11 different types of fatty acids were detected, and its highest content was found in grains. However, milled grain was observed only seven fatty acids in the case of rice. This result insisted that a portion of the lipid layer was significantly lost during the milling operation in rice.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
• /
• v.66
• /
• pp.413-437
• /
• 2021

Humans are created as spiritual beings that can relate to God. However, when a human spirit refuses to transform through confronting God, it experiences a crisis. A spiritual crisis results from disconnecting with God, who is the ultimate foundation, but we humans try to overcome such absence through accomplishments and efforts. In this technological age, the ethics issues of AI (Artificial Intelligence), robots, and cloning are related to anthropology. The development of the mind, heart, and logic cannot suggest a basis for destruction and confusion as much as the development of the world. In fact, education focused on the human mind cannot be considered holistic. Mind, together with thought, will, and belief, plays a crucial role in making choices and leading a human life. So it is actively studied in other domains other than Christian education. However, although the human spirit takes care of some territory of humanity, unlike the mind, it can neither be partial nor fragmentary. Instead, it manages the transformation that influences the core of human life. Therefore, Christian education must clearly concentrate on the spirit rather than on other human elements, intentionally concerning spiritual transformation through encounters with God. In other words, Christian education is the passage connecting a human spirit to God's presence at work, which enables us to understand the human being as a whole. For this, we must put our efforts to increase the chances of encountering God through Christian education. While "Encounter" requires both parties' interaction, "Transformation" stresses God as the main agent and His proactive nature. I also want to emphasize "worship" as the opportunity to communicate and experience God in our daily lives. By examining the preparation and the process of the spiritual transformation of humans, this paper would offer a theological foundation for continued transformation of the human spirit in the faith community, rather than personal experience or conviction.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
• /
• no.39
• /
• pp.393-413
• /
• 2019

As one of a shaman song to reveal features of the byeolsin rite, East Sea coast, Gyeongbuk, Korea is matgut have been discussed for a long time. The rite is held to greet other shamans who were invited by a village resident and the highest shaman to perform the rite. When there is no highest shaman in the village, or when the highest shaman lacks the ability to perform the exorcism, other shamans are invited if a person is required to meet the scale of the rite, which is a rite of passage to verify their abilities and to become a community, even while the byeolsingut is held. The best shaman team, or village Pungmul team, and shaman team, When the strings are between them, they play music and struggle with each other, and the strings are lifted, they greet the god of the game at the altar, and the shaman turns around and plays with the field. However, the process of greeting the shaman at the exorcism rite after 2000 and the procedure of "Paggi-bogi" in which shamans take turns singing songs are disappearing. In addition, although the village Pungmul team has participated in the rite as a welcoming party for the shaman team, the purpose of the rite, which is to greet the shaman, is also being tarnished by leaving the role of the village Pungmul team to the outside team. This is due to changes in the villagers' perception of gut and shaman. As in the old days, it was necessary to greet a shaman as a rite of worship, although it was not necessary to confirm its ability to perform the rite of the village, due to the disparity of status. However, after the shaman has been transformed from a 'mysterious' existence into an intangible cultural asset functional owner, the perception of shaman changes and the village confirms the shaman's ability through an intangible cultural asset certificate. In addition, the number of villagers who know the details of the rite is decreasing, and most of the tasks such as preparation and proceedings of the rite are delegated to the shaman to hold the byeolsingut, and the nature of the exorcism of the exorcism is changing.