• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.1 s.90
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

To investigate the association between the hypertrophy of adenoid and jaw morphology during growth, this paper was based on children patients with experimental adenoids (male-15 subjects at each bone age group, female-15 subjects at each bone group) and comparing them to data taken from a control group (male-15 subjects at each bone age group, female-15 subjects at each bone group) with normal respiratory function. The comparisons between the groups were done at each growth stage using cervical vertebrae maturation index(CVMI) of Hassel. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The differences in craniofacial morphology between experimental group and control group were appeared from CVMI 3 and CVMI 4 (aroud adolescent period) in males, and from CVMI 1 in females. 2. The mandibular position of experimental group was more inferior than control group. The difference appeared at adolescent period(male : at CVMI 4, female : at CVMI 5). 3. Experimental group had greater anterior facial height than control group. This difference seemed a relation with lower anterior facial height. The difference appears at CVMI 3(11.94 ${\pm}$ 1.38 years old, at adolescent period) in male and at CVMI 1 in female. 4. The adenoid size of control male group was increased until CVMI 2(10.58 ${\pm}$ 1.07 years old, just before adolescent growth peak) and then decreased, but in female the adenoid size was decreased from CVMI 1(6.92 ${\pm}$ 0.53 years old).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2006

1. 목적 흡연은 치주질환의 주요한 위험 인자 중의 하나이다. 일반적으로 흡연자는 비흡연자보다 비외과적 및 외과적 치주치료에 대한 반응이 덜 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 중등도의 만성 치주염이 존재하는 한국인 흡연자와 비흡연자를 대상으로 하여, 비외과적 치주치료인 치석 제거술과 치근 활택술을 시행한 후 6개윌 동안의 임상적 치유 반응을 비교해 보고자 하였다. 2. 방법 20명의 중등도 만성 치주염 환자(흡연자 10명, 비흡연자 10명)를 대상으로 치주낭 깊이(Probing Pocket Depth, PPD), 치은퇴축(GR), 치주탐침시 출혈유무(BOP), #16, 12, 24, 32, 36, 44의 치태지수(Plaque Index, Silness & $L{\"{o}}e$ 1964)를 임상변수로 측정하였다. 치주낭 깊이 (PD)와 치은퇴축(GR)은 전자 탐침(Florida $Probe^{(R)}$ Co. Gainesville, FL)을 이용하여 각 치아당 6군데를 측정하였다. 임상적 부착 수준(CAL)은 치주낭 깊이(PD)와 치은퇴축(GR)의 합으로 계산하였다. 초진시에 전악 임상 검사를 시행하였고, 초진시의 치주낭 깊이에 따라 조사 대상이 되는 치아 부위를 선정하였다. 치주적으로 건강한 부위 $(PD{\leq}3mm)$를 대조군인 1군으로 하고 치주낭 깊이가 4 mm를 초과하고 5 mm 미만인 부위를 2군, 5 mm 이상의 치주낭 깊이를 가지는 부위를 3군으로 설정하였다. 비외과적 치주치료인 치석 제거술, 치근 활택술과 구강위생 교육을 시행하였고 2개월(T1), 4개윌(T2), 6개윌(T3)에 선정된 해당 치아 부위에 대해 임상 재검사를 시행하였다. 3. 결과 BOP와 Plaque Index는 초진, 2, 4, 6개월에 흡연자와 비흡연자 간에 유의할 만한 차이가 없었으나 전반적으로 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 대조군인 l군에 서는 흡연자와 비흡연자 간에 모든 시기에서 PD, GR, CAL에 유의할 만한 차이가 없었다. 치주낭 깊이가 4 mm를 초과하고 5 mm 미만인 2군에서는 비흡연자에서 6개월에 유의할 만한 치주낭 깊이 감소가 나타났으며, 4개월과 6개윌에 유의할 만한 부착수준의 증가가 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 치주낭 깊이가 5 mm이상인 3군에서는 비흡연자에서 치주낭 깊이 감소가 일관되게 더 많이 나타났으나 통계학적으로 유의할 만한 차이는 6개월째에서만 관찰되었다. 2군과 유사하게 치주낭 갚이 감소는 흡연자보다 비흡연자에서 0.6 mm 더 크게 나타났다. 부착수준의 획득은 2군에서는 4, 6개월째에, 3군에서는 6개월째에 비흡연자에서 유의하게 더 많이 일어났다. 초진시의 치주낭 깊이와 각 시기별 ${\Delta}PD$ 간의 상관관계에서는 치주낭 갚이가 5mm 이상인 3군에서 비흡연자의 경우 6개월째에 가장 강한 상관성이 나타났다($r_s=0.43$, p<0.05). 흡연자에서는 3군에서 어떠한 유의한 상관관계도 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 중등도 만성 치주염 환자를 대상으로 한 6개윌의 단기간 연구에서 비외과적 치주치료 후 흡연자에서 비흡연자보다 치주낭 깊이 감소의 개선과 부착수준의 획득이 더 적게 나타나 임상적 치유반응이 좋지 않음을 확인하였다. 이는 흡연이 숙주의 치유반응 부정적인 영향을 주기 때문으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the eating habits, dietary intake patterns and nutrient intake status of children with and without atopic dermatitis by questionnaire during July, 2008. A total 388 subjects of 5th and 6th grade elementary school children (AG: atopic group, n=65, NG: non-atopic group, n=323) in Seoul and Ulsan areas participated in this study. The questionnaire included general characteristics, dietary habits, and atopy-related food frequency. One-day 24 hour recall was collected to estimate nutrient intakes of the subjects. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test for food frequency analysis and by t-test for nutrient intakes. Atopy-related foods included milk, buckwheat, beef, pork, chicken, crab, egg, mackerel, peach, and tomato. From the findings, AG had a more irregular eating habit than NG (p<0.05). In case of food frequency, AG tended to consume more atopy-related foods than NG (p>0.05). The nutrient intakes of AG were significantly lower than those of NG (p<0.05), but only intake of animal iron in AG was higher than NG (p<0.05). NG consumed more protein than AG (p<0.05). Although milk was a noted hypersensitive allergic food, frequency and the amount of milk intake were not significantly different between two groups. In conclusion, atopic children had eaten more atopy-related foods and less nutrient intakes. Therefore, it is necessary to educate on good nutrition and guide atopic children and their parents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2009

The management of skeletal health in the twenties is the number one priority for preventing fracture or osteoporosis occurrence in later life cycle. Therefore, the factors influencing bone mineral density were examined by anthropometric measurements, food intakes, bone mineral density and biochemical nutritional indexes in blood among college students. Among the students who received health examinations from May to December, 2007, 532 male and 507 female students who agreed to participate in the study were selected. Nutritional intakes were estimated with 3-day 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density was measured by ultrasonic attenuation passing through right calcaneus bone and expressed as broadband ultrasound attenuation and t-score was calculated by WHO criteria. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit values were measured by whole blood analysis, and alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum iron were used as indexes for biochemical nutritional status. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 14.0 program, and protecting and risk factors on bone health status were analyzed by logistic regression analysis between normal bone health group (t-score$\underline{\geq}$ -1.0) and osteopenia group (t-score<-1.0). The results showed that more people belong to the normal bone health group probably because this study was conducted among those with their peak bone density. Biochemical nutritional status and nutrition intakes of both groups for normal and osteopenia did not show statistically significant difference except MCHC, animal protein and animal iron intakes in female. According to the results of logistic regression analyses, dietary intakes of animal protein, animal iron and zinc showed protecting effects against osteopenia. Therefore, dietary nutritional intakes of micronutrients, especially iron and zinc are important for bone health of young people.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1906-1912
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• 2014

To evaluate the effect of freezing temperature on quality of blueberries, blueberry fruit was frozen at -20, -45, and $-70^{\circ}C$ immediately after harvest. After 24 hr of freezing, frozen blueberries were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 2 months. Blueberries were thawed at $4^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$ and subjected to subsequent analyses of drip ratio, fruit hardness, pH of juice, color, and sugar content. Frozen berries at all three temperatures did not show any significant difference in pH or sugar content compared with fresh berries. The drip ratio of berries decreased as the freezing temperature decreased. Thawing conditions significantly affected the drip ratio of berries frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$. Hardness of berries was significantly reduced after freeze-thawing. Freezing and thawing reduced total aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold numbers by more than 2 log regardless of freezing or thawing temperature ($4^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$). Cross-section of blueberries did not show different shapes by freezing temperature. Further studies such as sensory evaluation are needed to determine the optimum freezing temperature regarding quality and cost.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2006

Neuronal apoptotic events, consequently resulting in neuronal cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic condition. This cell death has been shown to be accompanied with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipid. However, the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis induced in hypoxic/ischemic condition and its treatment methods are unsettled. Cobalt chloride $(CoCl_2)$ has been known to mimic hypoxic condition including the production of ROS. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, has diverse pharmacologial activities in cell growth and death. This study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanism by $CoCL_2$ and effects of EGCG on $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in PC12 cells. Administration of $CoCl_2$ decreased cell survival in dose- and time-dependent manners and induced genomic DNA fragmentation. Treatment with $100{\mu}M$ EGCG for 30 min before PC12 cells were exposed to $150{\mu}M$ $CoCl_2$, being resulted in the cell viability and DNA fragmentation being rescued. $CoCl_2$ caused morphologic changes such as cell swelling and condensed nuclei whereas EGCG attenuated morphologic changes by $CoCl_2$. EGCG suppressed the apoptotic peak and a loss of ${\Delta}{\psi}_m$ induced by $CoCl_2$. $CoCl_2$ decreased Bcl-2 expression but Bax expression was not changed in $CoCl_2$- treated cells. EGCG attenuated the Bcl-2 underexpression by $CoCl_2$. $CoCl_2$ augumented the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm and increased caspase-8, -9 and caspase-3 activity a marker of the apoptotic executing stage. EGCG ameliorated the incruement in caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity, and cytochrome c release by $CoCl_2$ NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), a scavenger of ROS, attenuated $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in consistent with those of EGCG. These results suggest that $CoCl_2$ induces apoptotic cell death through both mitochondria- and death receptor-dependent pathway and EGCG has neuroprotective effects against $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in PC12 cells.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1985

In this study, I compared and analyzed the new and old secondary school science textbooks to find the charateristics of them and the differences between them. The results of the study are the following. Major concepts in the new textbook are almost similar to those in the old one. The-new textbook reinforces the functions of the introudction and checking the result of learning, and presents more and diverse learning materials and reduces the degree of learning difficulty by omitting the several abstract knowledges and mathematical formulas which can be understood through formal operational thinking. The results show that the new textbook is more effective in arousing student's interest and curiosity there fore it increases the efficiency of learning. But the new textbook is less suitable for inquiry because it is mainly composed of explanation and fact rather than experiment and observation. I think that this is the result from the actual approach to the real conditions of school when the curriculum was reformed and the new textbook was written.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2001

Objectives: The experience of traffic accident is a kind of the psychosocial stressors to person. The traffic accident-related patients may show the psychophysiologic hyperarousal. So we examined the differences of psychophysiologic response between patients with and without the memory of experienceing a traffic accident. Methods: Twenty-four traffic accident-related patients were divided into two groups according to ther memory of a traffic accident. In psychological assessment, levels of anxiety and depression were evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Rating Scales For Anxiety and Depression. Heart rate, electrodermal response (EDR), and electromyographic activity (EMG) were measured by biofeedback system, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure by automated vital sign monitor during baseline, task, and rest periods. We utilized script-driven imagery technique as a stressful task. The patients listened to the script describing their own traffic accident experience and were instructed to imagine the event during the task period. Statistically analytic data were obtained from the differences of psychological and psychophysiologic data between two groups. Results: The memory group did not show significantly higher EDR than the none memory group, but showed higher tendency during baseline, imagery, and rest periods. The memory group showed significantly lower EMG than the none memory group during rest period. However, there were no differences in other psychophysiologic reponses between the two groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that the memory group had higher tendency in autonomic arousal level such as electrodermal response than the none memory group. We suggest that physicians need to minimize repetitive imagery of traffic accident (reexperience), and decrease the autonomic hyperarousal in the treatment of traffic accident-related patients.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2001

Objectives: In narcoleptic patients diagnosed with ICSD (international classification of sleep disorders, 1990) criteria, nocturnal polysomnography, and MSLT (multiple sleep latency test), we tried to find characteristic features of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in a wakeful state. Methods: We compared eight drug-free narcoleptic patients with sex- and age-matched normal controls, using computerized electroencephalographic mapping technique and spectral analysis. Absolute power, relative power, interhemispheric asymmetry, interhemispheric and intrahemispheric coherence, and mean frequency in each frequency band (delta, theta, alpha and beta) were measured and analyzed. Results: Compared with normal controls, narcoleptic patients showed decrease in monopolar interhemispheric coherence of alpha frequency bands in occipital ($O_1/O_2$), parietal ($P_3/P_4$), and temporal ($T_5/T_6$) areas and beta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area. Monopolar intrahemispheric coherences of alpha frequency bands in left hemispheric areas ($T_3/T_5$, $C_3/P_3$ & $F_3/O_1$) decreased. Decrease of monopolar interhemispheric asymmetry of delta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area was also noted. The monopolar absolute powers of beta frequency bands decreased in occipital ($O_2,\;O_z$) areas. Conclusion: Decreases in coherences of narcoleptic patients compared with normal controls may indicate fewer posterior neocortical interhemispheric neuronal connections, and fewer left intrahemispheric neuronal connections than normal controls in a wakeful state. Therefore, we suggest that abnormal neurophysiological sites of narcolepsy may involve complex areas such as neocortex and subcortex as well as the brainstem.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2001

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is common and may produce various symptoms and serious complications. A substantial number of research articles on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have been published in Korea. However, we found such limitations as lack of sufficient sample size and lack of polysomnography-proven cases. Therefore, we aimed at studying clinical features and sleep structure in a sufficient number of Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome diagnostically confirmed with polysomnography. Methods: We studied 801 subjects referred to the Division of Sleep Studies, Seoul National University Hospital, who were diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with polysomnography. Subjects were excluded if they had central sleep apnea syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, narcolepsy or REM sleep behavior disorder. Foreign patients were also excluded. First of all, we studied the clinical features of the subjects. Secondly, we compared sleep-related parameters of the study subjects with those of age/sex-matched normal values. Thirdly, correlations of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) with each of the sleep-related parameters were calculated. Results: Among the 801 subjects, 668 were male subjects (83.4%) and 133 female subjects (16.4%). Their mean age was 46.6 years (${\pm}13.5$). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.8 (${\pm}3.8$) and subjects with BMI was over 28.0 accounted for 22.8% of the total. Fifty subjects (6.2%) were found to take benzodiazepines. Mean RDI and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation of all subjects was 31.2 (${\pm}24.4$) and 94.5% (${\pm}3.6$), respectively. In comparison with normal values, the subjects showed longer sleep latency, lower sleep efficiency, decreased total slow wave sleep % (TSWS %), and decreased total REM sleep % (TREM %)(p<0.01 in all). RDI had a negative correlation with each TSWS % and TREM % (p<0.01, p<0.01). However, RDI did not have significant correlation with either sleep latency or sleep efficiency. Conclusion: In this study, 6.2% of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were found to take benzodiazepines, although they are generally considered to be of litte benefit or even dangerous because of the respiratory suppressing effect. The proportion of obese subjects was only 22.8% and Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome seem to be less obese than those described in foreign journals. This study also suggests that the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may have a more significant effect on sleep architecture defined as TSWS % and TREM % than on sleep efficiency.