• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the structural characteristics of Taxus cuspidate communities in Mt. DuckYoo. The vegetation was consisted of 20 species in the T$_1$(tree) layer, 26 species in the T$_2$(subtall tree) layer, 26species in S(shrub) layer, and 56 species in the H(herb) layer. The dominant species of Mt. Duckyoo was Taxus cuspidata in the T$_1$ Layer, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes in the T$_2$ Layer, Tripterygium regelii and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes in the S Layer and Sasa borealis in the H Layer. According to the diameter distribution of high ranking five species in T$_1$, T$_2$ layer at natural Taxus cuspidata communities, these forests may be gradually replaced by Quercus mongolica, Tripterygium regelii. The composition of biological type was Ph-D$_1$-R$\_$5/-e.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.287-295
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• 2005

In order to compare bacteria] community structure and diversity in activated sludges, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of PCR-amplified 16s rDNAs was analyzed for 31 domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants (WTPs). Regardless of the characteristics of the wastewaters, the bacteria] community structures of activated sludges appeared diverse and complex. In particular, activated sludges in domestic WTPs contained higher bacterial diversity than those in industrial WTPs. It was also found that terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) profiles derived from domestic WTPs were very similar with each other, although activated sludges were collected from different plants at different locations. Interestingly, activated sludges of a WTP where restaurant and toilet sewages of a company were managed showed a bacterial community structure similar to that of domestic WTPs. Activated sludges in leather industria] WTPs also showed a high similarity. However, other wastewaters possessed different bacterial communities, so that overall similarity was as low as about $30\%$. Since activated sludges from WTPs for domestic wastewaters and a company sewage appeared to hold similar bacterial communities, it was necessary to confirm if similar wastewaters induce a similar bacterial community. To answer this question, analysis of T-RFs for activated sludges, taken from another 12 domestic WTPs, was conducted by using a 6­FAM$^{TM}$-Iabeled primer and an automated DNA sequencer for higher sensitivity. Among 12 samples, it was again found that T-RF profiles of activated sludges from Yongin, Sungnam, Suwon, and Tancheon domestic WTPs in Kyonggi-do were very similar with each other. On the other hand, T-RF profiles of activated sludges from Shihwa and Ansan WTPs were quite different from each other. It was thought that this deviation was caused by wastewaters, since Ansan and Shihwa WTPs receive both domestic and industrial wastewaters. From these results, it was tentatively concluded that similar bacterial communities might be developed in activated sludges, if WTPs treat similar wastewaters.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2003

Two microbial communities of activated sludge in the same municipal wastewater, but treated with different systems, were studied and compared using molecular microbiological approaches. The bacterial 16S rDNA sequences from 124 clones were analyzed, however, the majority of them were not closely related to any known species, and found to belong to 8 different phylogenetic groups and 3 different unidentified groups. The relative frequencies of each group were similar between the two microbial communities. Fingerprinting using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) showed that the putative Nitrospira-related populations were more diverse and quantitatively higher in the KNR process system than in the other system using a conventional activated sludge process. The relationship between the bacterial community composition and the higher removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the KNR process is discussed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

To estimate removal rate of phosphorus in aquatic grassland ecosystems of Paldangho, this investigation was conducted along with the coast of a lake. The experimental results may be summarized on communities of Typha angustata, Miscanthus sacchriflorus Phragmites communis and Scirpus tabernaemontani as follows. The annual production of phosphorus for the litters in T. angustata, M saccharsflorus, P. cam-munis and S. taiernaemontani grasslands were 10.252 g /$m^2$, 3.833 g /$m^2$, , 2.656 g /$m^2$, and 5.210 g /$m^2$, respectively. The ratio of annual production of P accumulated on surface soils in a steady state provides estimates of the removal rate r, The estimated removal rates r of P were 0.58, 0.78, 0.68 and 0.59 in T. angustata, M. sacchariflorus, P. communis and S. tabernaemontani grasslands re- spectively. The removal and accumulation of 50, 95 and of 99% of its steady state level, the estimates for P of T. angustata were 1.195, 5.173 and 8.623 years, in M. sacchariflorus were 0.880, 3.842, and 6.403 years, and in P. cammunis were 1.014, 4.390, and 7.316 years respectively, In S. tabernaemontani grassland required period were 1.178,5.099 and 8.500. Key words:T. angustata, S. tabernaemantani, P. communis, S. tabernaemontani, Paldangho, Removal rate, Phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2014

Various ecosystem carry out fundamental function of material circulation and energy flow through interrelationship with many environmental factors. Therefore, it is crucial to scientifically understand the value of nature to deduce correlation between environmental factor and change of ecosystem function. In this study, we determined the accumulated ecosystem carbon and characteristics of soil respiration on grassland vegetation in Namahangang basin in Namhangang Basin. It was found that the rate of soil respiration was highly correlated with the soil temperature in all communities. The measured soil respiration rates were $1,539mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, $1,200mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, $1,215mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites japonica, Salix koreensis communities, respectively. Also, carbon quantities accumulated in litter and soil layers were $40.6tCha^{-1}$ (1.9+38.7), $46.9tCha^{-1}$ (43.0+3.9), $31.2tCha^{-1}$ (28.9+2.3) in M. sacchariflorus, P. japonica, S. koreensis communities, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2017

A constructed sea stream in Yeongdo, Busan, Republic of Korea is mostly static due to the lifted stream bed and tidal characters, and receives domestic wastewater nearby, causing a consistent odor production and water quality degradation. Bioaugmentation of a microbial consortium was proposed as an effective and economical restoration technology to restore the polluted stream. The microbial consortium activated on site was augmented on a periodic basis (7~10 days) into the most polluted site (Site 2) which was chosen considering the pollution level and tidal movement. Physicochemical parameters of water qualities were monitored including pH, temperature, DO, ORP, SS, COD, T-N, and T-P. COD and microbial community analyses of the sediments were also performed. A significant reduction in SS, COD, T-N, and COD (sediment) at Site 2 occurred showing their removal rates 51%, 58% and 27% and 35%, respectively, in 13 months while T-P increased by 47%. In most of the test sites, population densities of sulfate reducing bacterial (SRB) groups (Desulfobacteraceae_uc_s, Desulfobacterales_uc_s, Desulfuromonadaceae_uc_s, Desulfuromonas_g1_uc, and Desulfobacter postgatei) and Anaerolinaeles was observed to generally decrease after the bioaugmentation while those of Gamma-proteobacteria (NOR5-6B_s and NOR5-6A_s), Bacteroidales_uc_s, and Flavobacteriales_uc_s appeared to generally increase. Aerobic microbial communities (Flavobacteriaceae_uc_s) were dominant in St. 4 that showed the highest level of DO and least level of COD. These microbial communities could be used as an indicator organism to monitor the restoration process. The alpha diversity indices (OTUs, Chao1, and Shannon) of microbial communities generally decreased after the augmentation. Fast uniFrac analysis of all the samples of different sites and dates showed that there was a similarity in the microbial community structures regardless of samples as the augmentation advanced in comparison with before- and early bioaugmentation event, indicating occurrence of changing of the indigenous microbial community structures. It was concluded that the bioaugmentation could improve the polluted water quality and simultaneously change the microbial community structures via their niche changes. This in situ remediation technology will contribute to an eco-friendly and economically cleaning up of polluted streams of brine water and freshwater.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.6 s.154
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• pp.916-927
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify psychological and behavioral outcomes of commitment to apparel brand community by test structural equation model. Subjects of 317 members for 9 selected apparel communities responded the questionnaire in the home-page or in the attached file. The results were as follows: 1) The suggested structural equation mode was accepted by data from apparel brand communities with hish brand strength(${\chi}^2=97.42$, d.f.=89, p=0.25, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.88, RMR=0.05, NFI=0.94). However, this model wasn't accepted by data kom apparel brand communities with low brand strength. 2) Three types of commitment to brand community(emotional, continuous and normative commitments) influenced brand identification positively and brand identification positively influenced three types of behavioral outcomes(favorable word-of-mouth, co-production and repurchase of brand). Therefore, managements need to develop marketing programs to promote each type of commitment to their's own brand community.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.12
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• pp.225-267
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• 1985

This study is aimed to assure that the agricultural technical information which is the important factor to increase rural production should be widely used by rural communities, and for the wide circulation for the technical information, the appropriate information system is available for the farmers and extention workers who are responsible for the information transfer to farmers. The study is also aimed to find out an outline of a structure and characteristic of the appropriate information system for the rural communities in Korea. The method used to accomplish the purpose of the study, the modernization theory of agriculture of T. W. Schultz was examined and assertions of the information specialists regarding the issues of information transfer and agricultural information system :in developing countries were analyzed. Through the above literary research, the author tried to create the most suitable characteristic and structure of agricultural information system in rural communities in Korea. To justify the author's assertion, a survey through questionniares for a typical rural province was attempted. The assertion that the author tried to convey as the most suitable agricultural information system of this country is the establishment agricultural information analysis center mainly for the extention workers and designing information system which has affiliation between the rural guidance office which is already situated every unit of administractive districts all over the country and public library which is now not properly located and functioned.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1996

The removal rates of gross production and organic matters were investigated in the Lake Paldangho. In 1995 and 1996, soils and litter sarraples were collected and annual mean production and removal rates were calculated. Communities in the Lake Paldangho were Phragrnites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Typha aegustata and Scirpas tahernaemoutani. Removal constants of aquatic plant communities estimated by the mathematical theoretical models, were 0.826, 0.567, 0.571 and 0.751, respectively. The durations of reaching half of initial organic amounts were 0.839 yeras, 1.221 years, 1.213 years and 0.922 years respectively at the steady state of removal and accumulation for organics For organics, the rapidity of removal were more speedy P. communis, S.tahernaemontani, T. augustata, M sacehariflorus in order. The times needed for 99% removal were 6.051 years, 6.651 years, 8.752 years and 8.811 years, respectively. Key wotds:Gross production, Organic matters, Lake Paldangho, Phragmites communis, Mis-ca ethus sacchariflorus, Typha angustata, Scirpus tahernaemoutani., Removal constants.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.678-686
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• 2006

The feasibility of the high-hydrophilic biofilter was examined for application in rural wastewater treatment in Korea. The intermittent trickling biofiter was developed for wastewater treatment of media and examined instantaneous wetting water and immersional wetting water. Melamin foam absorbed 120 times it's weight in water and maintained wetting status than other materials. These characteristics are improvement for application in rural areas showing large variance of amount of influent. The biofilter process was effective in treating organic pollutants; mean removal efficiencies of $BOD_5$ and TSS were above 80%. The average SS concentrations of effluent was showed below $10mg/L^{-1}$ and meet guidelines in special regions, however, the average concentration of $BOD_5$ was about $20mg/L^{-1}$. The removals of T-N and T-P were relatively less effective and removal efficiencies were below 40%. It might meet the guidelines for T-P because of low levels of influent T-P concentration. However, the T-N concentration were too high and further treatment is required. The effluent concentration of $NH_4-N$ showed a significant reduction rate about 43.8%, but part of $NH_4-N$ was transformed to $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ inside the biofilter through nitrification process. The effluent concentration of org-P was removed about 78.8% of influent concentration by filtration. Considering stable performance and effective removal of pollutant in wastewater, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the hydrophilic biofilter system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for decentralized rural areas.