• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2012

This study was performed a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) among three rice production systems in order to analyze the difference of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and environment impacts. Its life cycle inventory (LCI) database (DB) was established using data obtained from interview with conventional, without agricultural chemical and organic farming at Gunsan and Iksan, Jeonbuk province in 2011. According to the result of LCI analysis, $CO_2$ was mostly emitted from fertilizer production process and rice cropping phase. $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were almost emitted from rice cultivation phase. The value of carbon footprint to produce 1 kg rice (unhulled) on conventional rice production system was 1.01E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and it was the highest value among three rice production systems. The value of carbon footprints on without agricultural chemical and organic rice production systems were 5.37E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 6.58E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Without agricultural chemical rice production system whose input amount was the smallest had the lowest value of carbon footprint. Although the yield of rice from organic farming was the lowest, its value of carbon footprint less than that of conventional farming. Because there is no compound fertilizer inputs in organic farming. Compound fertilizer production and methane emission during rice cultivation were the main factor to GHGs emission in conventional and without agricultural chemical rice production systems. In organic rice production system, the main factors to GHGs emission were using fossil fuel on machine operation and methane emission from rice paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1143-1152
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• 2012

We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of $CO_2$ was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were $CH_4$ emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing $CO_2$ emission from rice paddy fields.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate residual organochlorine pesticides in green house soil and oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce. The majority of them were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the international community at the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant. Extraction and clean-up method were developed using the QuEChERS method for residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and oriental melon, green pepper and lettuce. Recovery of OCPs in greenhouse soil and oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce ranged from 73.3-110.6%. Limit of detection (LOD) of OCPs in soil and 3 crops were 0.01-0.08 and $0.11-0.17{\mu}g/kg$. The residues of OCPs in oriental melon, green pepper and lettuce greenhouse soil were analyzed by the developed method, and dieldrin, ${\beta}-endosulfan$ and endosulfan sulfate were detected at 1.4-72.5, 0.1-78.7 and $0.0-214.1{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The detection frequency of 3 compounds in soils were 52 (29.7%), 34 (19.4%) and 57 (32.6%) among 175 samples, respectively. However, these compounds were not detected in all crop samples. The residue level in 3 crops were lower than 1/58.8 of maximum residue level of them. These results showed that the OCPs residue in oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce greenhouse soil were not as high as crop safety threatening.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.278-293
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to develop Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-based standardized recipe applicable to cook/chilled Broiled Spanish Mackerel in school foodservice operations and to establish reasonable shelf-life limits by assessing food quality during chilled storage period of 5 days. HACCP for the production of menu items was identified in simulation study. At each critical control point, time-temperature profile was recorded and microbiological analysis was done. Also chemical analyses and sensory evaluation were conducted for 5 days of chilled storage. The results of time-temperature measurement of Broiled Spanish Mackerel by each production phase showed satisfactory condition that met the standards. Broiled Spanish Mackerel showed excellent microbiological quality from raw ingredient phase ($TPC:2.58{\pm}0.12\;Log\;CFU/g$) to holding phase ($TPC:2.70{\pm}0.42\;Log\;CFU/g$). Coliform (0.84 Log MPN/g) and fecal coliform (0.84 Log MPN/g) were detected from marinating phase ($TPC:3.82{\pm}0.52\;Log\;CFU/g$). After heating, only few mesophiles were detected ($TPC:1.83{\pm}0.49\;Log\;CFU/g$). No psychrophiles, coliforms and fecal coliforms were detected. In the phases after rapid chilling, during chilled storage and after reheating and distribution, almost none of the above microbes were detected. Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in all production phases. The pH immediately after cooking was 6.65 and then increased significantly to 6.81 on the third day of chilled storage (p<0.001). Acid value did not show significant changes while total volatile based nitrogen (TVBN) dramatitically increased during storage periods (p<0.01). In the result of sensory evaluation, general acceptability points had been rated high in the first day of storage, and then, the points were decreased significantly on the third day (p<0.05). General acceptability points ranged from 8.86 to 10.68. Accordingly, Broiled Spanish Mackerel is highly recommendable cook/chill system. Considering the DHSS standards for storage, the ideal shelf-life recommended for Broiled Spanish Mackerel is within 4 days excluding cooking day. For Broiled Spanish Mackerel, critical control points were purchasing and receiving of frozen Spanish Mackerel, heating, chilling, chilled storage, reheating and distribution.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 2007

This study surveyed on the actual conditions of using sanitizers and disinfectants for improvements of sanitization on food utensils at 105 school and 20 industry foodservice operations. The questionnaire which was administered to 125 foodservices was used as a mail or visitation method. The answers of asking "Perception on temporary authorization system of sanitizers and disinfectants on food utensils" were 75% in contract managed school foodservices, 81.8% in self operated school foodservices, and 50% in industry. Main factors to choose sanitizers were sterilizing power (38.6%, 28.6%, 38.9%) and safety (32.6%, 46.1%, 33.3%) at every foodservices. Keeping ratio of sanitizers and disinfectants guidelines in contract managed school, self operated school and industry foodservices were 64.8%, 52% and 73.7%, respectively. If easy and practical guideline is developed, most foodservices replied to use if for disinfection of foodservices. Most of the foodservices were not only knowing sanitizers and disinfectants but also possessing a guideline. However, they didn't perform disinfection according to the guideline due to its complexity. Consequently, we suggest that it is necessary to provide an easy and practical "sanitizers and disinfectants guideline" and useful information.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2008

Objective of this study was to investigate the residual levels of mercury (Hg) in soil for "Top-rice" area and its uptake into rice plant for making sure food safety as compared to "Top-rice" & common rice produced from 2005 to 2006. Hg was analyzed with the direct mercury analyzer (DMA 80, Milestone, Italy), which implements the US/EPA method 7473. The average concentration of Hg in paddy soil was 0.031 mg/kg, which was below at 1/25-1/65 fold of the threshold levels (concern level 4 mg/kg, action level 10 mg/kg) for soil contamination designated by "The Soil Environment Conservation Law" in Korea. The maximum residue level (MRLs) for Hg residue in the polished rice is not designated in Korea. Therefore, Hg contents in the polished rice of "Top-rice" brand and common rice were compared to other country's criteria. Hg contents in the polished rice of "Top-rice" brand was 0.0018 mg/kg, which was lower at 1/10-1/30 fold than the MRLs, 0.02 mg/kg of China criteria and 0.05 mg/kg of Taiwan criteria, respectively. Hg were 0.02788, 0.00896, 0.00182, 0.00189, 0.00166, 0.00452 and 0.00145 mg/kg in soil, rice straw, unhulled rice, rice hulls, brown rice, rice bran, and polished rice produced in 2006 "Top-rice" area, respectively. For the ratio of Hg as compared to Hg contents in soil, there were 0.321 of rice straw ${\gg}$ 0.162 of rice bran ${\gg}$ 0.068 of rice hulls > 0.065 of unhulled rice > 0.060 of brown rice> 0.052 of polished rice. And, the slope of Hg uptakes was steeped as following order; rice straw ${\gg}$ rice bran ${\gg}$ rice hulls > unhulled rice > brown rice > polished rice. It means that the more slope steeped was the more uptakes. For the distribution of Hg uptaken, there was 83.8% into rice straw, and 16.2% into unhulled rice, 2.8% into rice hulls, 12.4% into brown rice, 3.5% into rice bran and 9.7% into polished rice. Consequently, it was appeared that the Hg contamination in the polished rice should not be worried in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

The authors identified fifty-eight Shigella cultures among 1644 cultures and specimens of enteric pathogens collected from all over the country in 1973. Fifty-one out of fifty-eight cultures belonged to Shigella flexneri and the rest to Shigella sonnei. None of cultures belonging to either subgroup A or C was detected in 1973. Of fifty-one cultures of Shigella flexneri twenty-six cultures were $B_{2a}$, which were isolated in Seoul area and Kwangwon-Do. The rest were $B_{3a}$ which were isolated in Jeonla-bug-Do and Kangwon-Do. It would not be possible to understand that there might not have been the cases or carriers of Shigella in the areas where the organisms were not isolated in 1973 and that there might not have been any other serotypes existing in the country, although there was a quite disparity found in the distribution between different areas and in the detection of the serotypes as shown in Table 1. Concerning the biochemical properties there were only two cultures showing positive arginine decarboxylase test among $B_{2a}$, and there were three cultures of trehalose negative cultures, one of rhamnose positive culture and one of glycerol positive culture observed, which were considered to be unusual. All the Shigella cultures were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, cephalosporin and ampicillin, and resistant to colistin, bacitracin and neomycin. Majority of them showed sensitive results to gentamycin, and the majority of Shigella $B_{3a}$ appeared to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline, but the majority of $B_{2a}$ and Shigella sonnei were observed resistant to those antibiotics by means of the In-Vitro tests.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.618-623
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• 2011

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been considered as a significant food-borne pathogen since its role in causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans was recognized. In this study, we developed an immunochromatography (ICG) assay for the detection of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 monoclonal antibody (EC MAb) and colloidal gold were conjugated and its specificity was determined by the ICG treated with EC MAb and antimouse IgG at test and control lines, respectively. The detection limit of the ICG was $1{\times}10^5$ CFU/mL, and no crossreactivity was observed to other E. coli strains and major food-borne pathogens. To determine the minimum enrichment time for the ICG, meats and sprouts were inoculated with $1{\times}10$ CFU/100 ${\mu}L$ of E. coli O157:H7. After enrichment time of 10 and 2 h for meats and sprouts, respectively, up to $1{\times}10$ CFU/100 ${\mu}L$ of E. coli O157:H7 could be detected by ICG.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study we investigated improvement degree of reading ability of the student who was in a condition of dyslexia symptoms by wearing $ChromaGen^{TM}$ lenses. Methods: After wearing the $ChromaGen^{TM}$ lens for 3 months, the dyslexia symptoms corrective lens, 52 students who had suspected symptom of dyslexia were asked questions, and we measured the improvement degree of reading ability of the student. Results: The $ChromaGen^{TM}$ wearer read 110.26${\pm}$22.07 words in 1 minute, and naked yeses or glass wearing students read 106.42${\pm}$22.70 words. Reading ability of the student having suspected symptom of dyslexia were measured after wearing $ChromaGen^{TM}$ for 3 months. The results showed improvement reading ability of 3.70${\pm}$0.29 (p=0.01, t=2.26), 4.50%${\pm}$0.10 (p=0.01, t=2.78) for $ChromaGen^{TM}$ wearer with statistical difference. A survey on the satisfaction of reading improvement with wearing $ChromaGen^{TM}$ showed that 88.4% of questioned person answered wearing $ChromaGen^{TM}$ had improved their dyslexia symptoms. Conclusions: With statisical significance (p<0.05). this study suggests that $ChromaGen^{TM}$ lens has an effect on improving reading speed of dyslexia patient. We know from these results that the $ChromaGen^{TM}$ lens which is used to dyslexia had an effect to improvement of reading speed for dyslexia. And the results of this study is statistically different (p<0.05).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 1999

The differentiation between malignancy-related ascites(MRA) and non-malignant ascites (NMA) is important for further diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Although many parameters were investigated, none has provided a complete distinction between MRA and NMA. We investigated several ascitic fluid parameters to determine the differential power, and to differentiate malignant-related from nonmalignant-related ascites with a sequence of sensitive parameters followed by specific parameters. For the present study, 80 patients with ascites were divided into two groups: MRA and NMA, The MRA group was consisted of 27 patients with proven malignancy by image study, biopsy, and follow up: 21 of these patients had peritoneal carcinomatosis, but the remaining 6 showed no evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis. The NMA group was consisted of 53 patients with no evidence of malignancy: among these patients, one had SLE, and others had liver cirrhosis, The samples of blood and ascites were obtained simultaneously, and then the levels of ascites cholesterol, CEA. protein and LDH, cytology, albumin gradient, ascites/serum concen-tration ratios of LDH(LDH A/S), and ascites/serum concentration ratios of protein(protein A/S) were measured. Applying cut-off limits for determined parameters, we estimated the diagnostic efficacy of each parameter, Among the eight parameters investigated, ascites fluid cholesterol yielded the best sensitive value of 93%(cut-off value 30mg/dl), and cytologic examination and the protein A/S(cut-off value 0.5) showed the most specific value of 100% and 96%, respectively. Based on the above results, the diagnostic sequence with cholesterol as a sensitive parameter followed by the combination of cytologic examination and protein A/S as specific parameters, was tested in 80 patients. This diagnostic sequence identified 81.5% of patients with malignancy, and all patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis were classified as malignancy-related ascites. In spite of many limitations, this proposed diagnostic sequence may permit a cost-effective and simple differentiation of malignancy-related ascites from nonmalignant ascites.