• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2013

Rutin is one of the major flavonoids found in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). While rutin is already known to exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. However, the health beneficial function of rutin metabolites is not well understood. In DPPH radical scavenging assays, the present study found that 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid had the highest total anti-oxidant activity, followed by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, rutin, homovanillic acid, and 3-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid. Further, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid strongly reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells, compared with other metabolites. Therefore, these results suggest that rutin metabolites have potential to be utilized as food ingredients with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.607-612
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• 2015

본 연구는 rutin 및 rutin 대사체인 DHPAA, HPAA, DHT, HVA가 버섯 유래 tyrosinase 활성과 마우스 피부표피 세포주인 JB6 P+ 세포의 증식에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. HVA가 버섯유래 티로시나제 저해활성이 가장 우수한 것으로 관찰되었으며, DHPAA, HPAA, rutin, DHT 순서로 저해효능을 나타내었다. DHT를 제외한 rutin 및 rutin 대사체들 모두 $100{\mu}M$ 까지 세포 독성이 관찰되지 않은 것으로 관찰되었으며, DHT는 50 또는 $100{\mu}M$에서 세포증식을 저해하였으나 그 이하의 농도에서는 세포독성을 유도하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구결과, rutin 대사체 모두 세포 독성이 없는 수준에서 버섯 유래 티로시나제 활성을 효과적으로 억제하였으므로, 앞으로 미백제제로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 1996

After rutin(50-1500 mg/kg) was administered orally to rats, the relationship between its metabolites and mutagenicity was investigated. Quercetin conjugates were detected in the urine of rats treated with more than 150 mg/kg. Administration of rutin less than 100 mg/kg resulted in phenolic acid-like metabolites. However, intact rutin was not detected in the urine of rats treated with different amounts. When rutin was cultured with human intestinal bacteria, the amount of quercetin was increased gradually with a corresponding decrease in the level of rutin and then quercetin was decreased gradually with a corresponding increase in the level of unidentified compounds. The ring fission bacterium of quercetin of was Pediococcus Q-05. These results suggest that rutin could be metabolized and transformed from mutagenic to nonmutagenic by intestinal bacteria in human intestine.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.152-167
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• 2004

Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have attracted great interest in recent researchers as alternative medicines for incurable diseases. This review focuses on qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches for bioactive metabolites of components flavonoids and saponins of traditional Chinese medicines by TLC system, although various methods have been introduced. Emphasis will be put on the processes of metabolite extraction from intestinal bacterial cultures or urines, separation (mobile phase) and detection. The identified metabolites by selection of extraction solvent and detection methods are also discussed. In addition, metabolite determinations of flavonoids (baicalin, apiin, rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempferol, diosmin, hesperidin, poncirin, naringin, puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, tectoridin) and saponins (ginsenosides, kalopanaxsaponins, glycyrrhizin, chiisanoside, saikosaponins, soyasaponins) in culture fluid, in urine and in some herbal formula extracts are summarized. These bioactive metabolites of these components by intestinal microflora should be connected to pharmacological actions.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 1998

Flavonoid glycosides were metabolized to phenolic acids via aglycones by human intestinal microflora producing ${\alpha}$-rhamnosidase, exo-${\beta}$-glucosidase, endo- ${\beta}$-glucosidase and/or ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Rutin, hesperidin, naringin and poncirin were transformed to their aglycones by the bacteria producing ${\alpha}$-rhamnosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase or endo- ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and baicatin, puerarin and daidzin were transformed to their aglycones by the bacteria producing ${\beta}$glucuronidase, C-glycosidase and ${\beta}$-glycosidase, respectively. Anti-platelet activity and cytotoxicity of the metabolites of flavonoid glycosides by human intestinal bacteria were more effective than those of the parental compounds. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyl-phenylacetic acid were more effective than rutin and quercetin on anti-platelet aggregation activity. 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaidehyde, quercetin and ponciretin were more effective than rutin and ponciretin on the cytotoxicity for tumor cell lines. We insist that these flavonoid glycosides should be natural prodrugs.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2016

Specific metabolic network responses to mineral starvation are not well-defined. We examined a detailed broad-scale identification of metabolic responses of tomato leaf and root to N, P or K starvation. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically under optimal (5 mM N, 0.5 mM P, or 5 mM K) and starved (0.5 mM N, 0.05 mM P, or 0.5 mM K) conditions and metabolites were measured by LC-MS and GC-MS. Overall, the levels of metabolites (lipids, nucleotides, peptides and secondary metabolites) presented in this paper largely showed mineral- and tissue-specific responses. Most strikingly, G3P (glycerol-3-P), GPC (glycerol-P-choline) and choline phosphate responded differently to a type of mineral; an increase in N or K starvation and a decrease in P starvation. A dramatic increase in the levels of secondary metabolites, in particular, rutin and chlorogenate in both tomato tissues during N starvation were observed. Based on these data, it is necessary to clearly elucidate an unknown event taking place in a variety of abiotic impacts, and we are now studying to expand our knowledge on metabolic- and proteomic-responses using GS-MS and LC-MS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.838-848
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• 2012

Orally administered herbal glycosides are metabolized to their hydrophobic compounds by intestinal microflora in the intestine of animals and human, not liver enzymes, and absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Of these metabolites, some, such as quercetin and kaempherol, are mutagenic. The fecal bacterial enzyme fraction (fecalase) of human or animals has been used for measuring the mutagenicity of dietary glycosides. However, the fecalase activity between individuals is significantly different and its preparation is laborious and odious. Therefore, we developed a fecal microbial enzyme mix (FM) usable in the Ames test to remediate the fluctuated reaction system activating natural glycosides to mutagens. We selected, cultured, and mixed 4 bacteria highly producing glycosidase activities based on a cell-free extract of feces (fecalase) from 100 healthy Korean volunteers. When the mutagenicities of rutin and methanol extract of the flos of Sophora japonica L. (SFME), of which the major constituent is rutin, towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, 100, 102, 1,535, and 1,537 were tested using FM and/or S9 mix, these agents were potently mutagenic. These mutagenicities using FM were not significantly different compared with those using Korean fecalase. SFME and rutin were potently mutagenic in the test when these were treated with fecalase or FM in the presence of S9 mix, followed by those treated with S9 mix alone and those with fecalase or FM. Freeze-dried FM was more stable in storage than fecalase. Based on these findings, FM could be usable instead of human fecalase in the Ames test.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1004-1011
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 국내산 대추나무의 잎과 열매의 flavonoid 배당체를 조사하기 위하여 선행 연구된 인용문헌을 바탕으로 대추나무, 묏대추나무, 야생대추나무 등 대추나무속(Zizyphus)에 따른 flavonoid의 화학적 정보 수집 및 정리하여 대추나무속의 flavonoid 라이브러리를 제작하였다. 각 flavonoid 개별성분은 UPLC-DAD-QTOF-ESI/MS를 사용하여 분석하였으며 제작된 라이브러리의 정보를 이용하여 국내산 대추나무로부터 총 6종의 flavonoid를 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 국내산 대추나무 잎의 주요 성분은 quercetin 배당체인 rutin임을 확인하였고, 특히 quercetin 3-O-robinobioside 및 isoquercitrin는 구축된 라이브러리를 바탕으로 대추나무 잎에서는 처음 확인된 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구와 같이 대추나무속 flavonoid의 화합물 정보를 포함하여 제작한 라이브러리는 선행된 연구와의 차이점 판단을 가능하게 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2002

Glycosides of herbal medicines, such as glycyrrhizin, ginsenosides, kalopanaxsaponins, rutin and ponicirin, were studied regarding their metabolic fates and pharmacological actions in relation to intestinal bacteria using germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional animals. When glycyrrhizin (GL) was orally administered, $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid\;(GA)$, not GL, was detected in plasma and intestinal contents of gnotobiotic and conventional rats. However, GA could not be detected in germ-free rats. When GL was incubated with human intestinal bacteria, it was directly metabolized to GA (>95%) or via $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid-3-{\beta}-D-glucuronide$(>5%). Orally administered GL was effective in gnotobiotic and conventional rats for liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, but was not effective in germ-free rats. When ginseng saponins were orally administered to human beings, compound K in the plasma was detected, but the other protopanxadiol saponins were not detected. The compound K was active for tumor metastasis and allergy. When kalopanaxsaponins were incubated with human intestinal microflora, they were metabolized to kalopanaxsaponin A, kalopanaxsaponin I and hederagenin. These metabolites were active for rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic mellitus while the other kalopanxsaponins were not. When flavonoid glycosides were orally administered to animals, aglycones and/or phenolic acids were detected in the urine. The metabolic pathways proceeded by intestinal bacteria rather than by liver or blood enzymes. These metabolites, aglycones and phenolic acids, showed antitumor, antiinflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation activities. These findings suggest that glycosides of herbal medicines are prodrugs.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 플라즈마 발생장치를 수경재배 시스템과 결합하여 재배 기간 동안 처리 시 상추의 생육 및 기능성 물질 함량 변화를 살펴보기 위해 실시하였다. 3주 동안 육묘하여 균일한 크기의 상추 묘를 semi-DFT에 정식하였으며, 플라즈마 공정 장치를 결합하여 4주 동안 8시간 주기로 1시간씩 수중에서 간헐적으로 작동시켰다. 양액(대조구), 플라즈마 활성수(4.2kV, 5.7kV)를 사용하여 온실에서 재배하였으며 이후 수확하여 생육조사 및 기능성 물질 분석을 실시하였다. 플라즈마 활성수 처리 기간 동안 발생되는 활성산소종 중에서 O₃로 인하여 플라즈마 발생 장치에 근접한 개체일수록갈색 반점 및 괴사현상이 나타났으며, 생육조사를 실시한 결과 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 기능성 물질 분석 결과 상추 지상부의 rutin과 총 페놀 함량은 플라즈마수보다 높았지만, epicatechin의 경우 플라즈마수 처리에서 함량이 더 많았다. 근권부에서 측정된 이차대사산물인 rutin, epicatechin, quercetin 및 총 페놀 함량은 대조구보다 플라즈마수 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다. 이러한 결과는 플라즈마수 처리 시간동안 수중에 오존과 같은 활성산소종으로 인해 지상부 생육이 잘 이루어지지 못했으나, 근권 영역에서는 이차대사산물이 크게 증가하였다. 향후 간헐적인 플라즈마 활성수 생성에 따른 생리 장해를 극복하고 뿌리채소의 수경재배 시스템에 적용하여 이차대사산물을 증가시키기 위한 본 기술의 도입이 필요하다.