• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.171-180
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• 2013

As the second-largest 1st degree of ecological zone in Kangwon Province, Pyeongchang County is expected to play an important role in expanding the protected areas of the Republic of Korea. However, Pyoungchang County is expected to experience an increase in demand for development due to the 2018 Winter Olympics. Problems related to various stakeholders and limited budget will arise regarding the issue of expanding the protected areas. In this study, in order to effectively control these problems, we designed expansion plans for the 1st degree ecological zoning map areas and the observed data of threatened species I and II in Pyoungchang County by using the MARXAN Software. As for the methods, we first set the planning units(PUs) for the spatial analysis. The PUs include boundary length, land cost, land status, etc. Then, we made the input data by controlling the conservation features, BLM(Boundary Length Modifier) and iteration numbers. There are two measures for the establishment of the protected areas, one of which only concerns with the ecological priority, and the other with combining the land cost on forest. The one illustrated shows that the larger patches that include the conservation feature was selected as a candidate of the protected areas. The other one presented shows that inexpensive land cost areas were selected. As this study produces visual results and enables an efficient application of various values in selecting protected areas, we believe that it will be useful to various stakeholders in spatial decision-making process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

This study has been carried out with the purpose of coming up with suggestions for designation of domestic protection areas and improvement of their management through a comparative analysis of the systems of management of the protection areas in South Korea, Japan and China. Starting with the designation of natural reserves in 1962, South Korea has prepared legal systems for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, while continuing to designate protected areas. As the state has so far monopolized the designation and management of all South Korean protection areas that take up 10.8% of its entire land area (as of Dec. 2011), with such persisting issues as multiple designations of one and the same area for protection, overlapping management authorities, and management of privately owned land in the protection areas. In Japan, which has protected area sizes and relevant legal systems similar to those in South Korea, the state provides the basic framework for management, while delegating most of the duties related to direct operation and management to specific municipalities. China, with an integrated administrative management of protected areas, has related government offices and municipalities responsible for the designation and management of individual protected areas. South Korea needs to provide a legally based support system that would further enhance the value of areal protection and contribute to the promotion of local economy and community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.359-368
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• 2000

Landscape change is the modification and replacement of landscape elements in accordance with human management and natural disturbance on land mosaics. During landscape change, changes in patterns such as heterogeneity, diversity and shape, and juxtaposition of spatial elements are also accompanied. For the sustainable landscape system, therefore, spatial characteristics of the landscape should be considered in implementation of landscape conservation and restoration planning. Short-term changes of land-use and landscape pattern during the 10 years of 1980s and 1990s were investigated in the agriculture-forestry dominated landscape system through the statistics and the analysis of landscape-vegetation map. Study area is Yangdong-myon, Yangpyung-gun (37°27′30"N, 127°46′50"E), Kyonggi-do, in central Korea. Landscape change of this region was significantly related to the recent industrialization according to socio-economic development. Analyses of landscape pattern show that the area of secondary forest sustained by human activity decreased and it was replaced with large exotic plantations during this period. Area of paddy field was also extended. Fractal dimension of the total landscape increased, but that of paddy field area decreased due to rearrangement for mechanized farming. Moreover, the area of landscape management regimes such as plantation and cultivation increased in land mosaics during this period.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.607-615
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• 2010

Urban green space is often at the centre of the debate on urban substantiality because it provides functions of space, e.g. for wildlife, recreation, growing vegetables, psychological wellbeing, social interaction, etc. Traditionally, the various functions of urban green spaces clearly show that green spaces contain important values that contribute to the overall quality of urban life. After Kyoto protocol, it has becoming important to more accurately evaluate carbon uptake by urban green space. Many studies have analyzed the benefits, costs, and carbon storage capacity associated with urban green space. These studies have been limited by a lack of research on urban tree biomass and carbon uptake by soil, such that estimates of carbon storage in urban systems. This study calculate more accurately the amount of carbon uptake by urban green space. This study also complement the existing methods to estimate the urban green space carbon uptake. It has been studied how to evaluate carbon uptake function of urban green space. The surface area of urban green space increased 5% by complemented method and carbon uptake is also increased. Based on this result, the carbon uptake per capita was analysed and compared to the area of carbon uptake. And this study discussed the reasons for the differences between the new and earlier estimates, as well as implications for our understanding of the global carbon cycle. In conclusion, these results could contribute as preliminary data to policy makers when climate change adaptation strategy is established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.51-64
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• 2015

Climate change will make significant impact on species distribution in forest. Pinus koraiensis which is commonly called as Korean Pine is normally distributed in frigid zones. Climate change which causes severe heat could affect distribution of Korean pine. Therefore, this study predicted the distribution of Korean Pine and the suitable habitat area with consideration on uncertainty by applying climate change scenarios on an ensemble model. First of all, a site index was considered when selecting present and absent points and a stratified method was used to select the points. Secondly, environmental and climate variables were chosen by literature review and then confirmed with experts. Those variables were used as input data of BIOMOD2. Thirdly, the present distribution model was made. The result was validated with ROC. Lastly, RCP scenarios were applied on the models to create the future distribution model. As a results, each individual model shows quite big differences in the results but generally most models and ensemble models estimated that the suitable habitat area would be decreased in midterm future(40s) as well as long term future(90s).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-71
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• 2018

To improve the ecological function of urban areas, the guideline for applying the Biotope Area Ratio to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was developed in 2005 and modified in the July, 2017. This study investigates whether the guideline has been actually practiced in the real world by searching reports including 648 cases of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) and 471 cases of the EIA. The results show that the 38% of SEIA and the 43% of EIA include sections about Biotope Area Ratio, and the 15% of SEIA and the 25 % of EIA are satisfied the threshold of the Biotope Area Ratio suggested by the guideline. The statistical analysis results show that this low level of practice was not improved through the modification of the guideline in 2017. This is because the guideline is forcibleness, its explanation is unclear, and stockholders' understanding of it lacks. In addition, lack of tracking management on SEIA and EIA also contributes to the low level of practice of the guideline. To promote the practice, the efforts to legislate and publicize the guideline are required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

This study was conducted to provide a database for biotope conservation and restoration of the Jeonju region in North Cheolla Province. To accomplish this task, investigations were made on the characteristics of the distribution pattern of naturalized plants in the region. From May to June 2008, the flora and lists of naturalized plants were investigated and, based on these data the ratio of naturalization was calculated. The results of this investigation areas follows: a total of 113 families and 54 species were found in the flora. The naturalized plants among them amounted to 19 families and 54 species. The ratio of naturalization was most high in the biotope type of rural dried stream(36.4%). The biotype that showed the lowest ratio of naturalization was coniferous natural forest type, which had no naturalized plants in it. The average naturalization ration of the Jeonju region turned out to be 18.9%, which is similar to that of other mid-size cities in Korea.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.138-142
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• 2009

The system of The Volunteer Fire Brigade is the Civil autonomic one which was set up from The Chosun Dynasty and has been active. Having suffered from several dificulties from Japanese control in the Chosun Dynasty, The Volunteer Fire Brigade was established by the enactment 1958 Fire Law and we have had it up to this time. The Volunteer Fire brigade played an important role in the period of the past Fire fighting personnel and equipment which we did not have. It has carried out the assistance of the Fire extinction, the early extinction of a fire in the rural region, the extinction of the forest fire, and lots of social volunteering actions etc. but, today's Fire fighting system has made the surprising developments, such as the improvement of national economic power, the increase of knowledge about the safety of the people, the openness of The Fire Fighting Department of Korea. I will try to check out the role of The Volunteer Fire Brigade which filled up the lacking part the fire fighting in the past and make the measures which can activate in these days, looking for the new field of the movement.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2013

The fog water chemistry and deposition in northern Japan were investigated by fog water and throughfall measurements in 2010. Fog water was sampled weekly by an active-string fog sampler at Lake Mashu from May to November. Throughfall measurements were conducted using rain gauges under three deciduous trees along the somma of the lake from August to October. The mean fog deposition rate (flux) was calculated using throughfall data to estimate the total fog water deposition amount for the entire sampling period. $NH_4{^+}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, in the fog water samples. A mean pH of 5.08 in the fog water, which is higher than those in rural areas in Japan, was observed. The [$NH_4{^+}$]/[$SO{_4}^{2-}$] equivalent ratio in fog water was larger than 1.0 throughout the study period, indicating that $NH_3$ gas was the primary neutralizing agent for fog water acidity. The mean rate and total amount of fog water deposition were estimated as 0.15 mm $h^{-1}$ and 164 mm, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and sulfate deposition via fog water deposition were corresponded to those reported values of the annual deposition amounts via rainfall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2008

Due to the increasing needs of land supply, green space has been continuously encroached and resulted considerable naturality deterioration in Korea. In order to overcome the problem, it is necessary to introduce a integrated system for managing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of green space. With this regard, this study is to derive the feasibility for the adoption of the 'no net loss of green' policy to Korea from German and Japanese experiences. In Germany, natural resources are protected and inevitable damages were compensated through the adoption of 'interference regulation'. In Japanese case, future green space and artificial green foundation should be specified on the green basic plan which pursuit the improvement of naturality. In order to introduce the 'no net loss of green' policy to Korea, not only awareness raising on integrated green management system but also amendment of related regulations are needed. In detail, restoration and recovery on the damaged nature should be clearly elucidated and indicators to evaluate the current naturality and calculation methods for the restoration should be developed. Should this integrated green management system introduced, deterioration of naturality by development activities could be minimized thorough the adoption of land development permission criteria and green space management methodologies.