• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1007-1028
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• 2014

This study aimed to explore the direction of development of agricultural safety and health system in Korea based on experience on Farmers' Occupational Health Services (FOHS) of Finland. In Finland additional and specialized Occupational Health Services (OHS) for self-employed farmers were developed and have been conducted by municipal primary health care centers with cooperation of National Centre for Agricultural Health (NCAH) of Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Social Insurance Institute (SII) and Farmers' Social Insurance Institution (FSII). Based on the study, in order to activate the FOHS in Korea, the analysis results could suggest the development of four prerequisites. Firstly, center for farmers' safety and health like NCAH, which conducts surveillance on health and safety status, standardization of intervention contents and epidemiological research is needed in national institution. Secondly, development of evaluation tools with lower cost and difficulty like walk-through survey for checking status of systems of safety in the farms is needed. Thirdly, farmers' occupational health insurance which will be initiated on near future should be connected to preventive intervention programs like FOHS. Lastly, training and qualification of more local occupational health experts and units is needed.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.551-579
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• 2012

This case study aims to explore how RDA PLA model affects the agri-SMEs' empowerment. As an agri-business management renovation program from main workshop it was conducted on March to December 2011 with agri-SMEs and extension officials nationwide by RDA. Especially, as a packaged action learning process in the model used participatory action research. This study collected data with participants observation, interviews, situational analysis and systematic review of discourse in qualitative method. For the validity and identifying empirical results, this study used statistic analysis as a mixed method. Further including various pedagogic methods and business coaching skills, this model was conducted from workshop in RDA, in turn, on-farm business coaching as follow-up, CoPs' activities, and local ATCs extension services by each actors. The dynamic process and effects of each process led some change for farmers' innovative knowledge, skills, attitude, practice and aspiration on their farm business. RDA PLA model development based on the previous practices and research, which provided a configurated picture in the holistic action learning process. In statistic research, this study focused on 279 farmers as respondents who had participated in the program. It shows that their income and benefits increased from their renovative practices on farm business. Following the sampling group, it was surveyed by four indicators - products, customer, quality and cost. The level of contribution of education on economic impact 15% is quoted from previous paper. Even in some limitations of public sector, RDA PLA model actively suggests the paradigm shift of agricultural HRD and development of alternative extension-service system.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1992

In this county, the gap between the urban 'haves' and the rural 'have-nots' continues to be an increasing problem. WHO and UNICEF see primary health care(PHC) as the key to achieving an acceptable level of health throughout the world as a community development. PHC is essential health care made accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them. It is the first level of contact of individual, the family, and community with the national health system. It includes at least education on health system. It includes at least education on health problems, promotion of food supply, MCH including family planning, immunization against infectious diseases, control of endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases and injuries, promotion of mental health, and provision of essential drugs. However, of the aboves, education concerning of mental health problems and the methods to identify, prevent, and control them is the principal step of establishment. In Korea, the category of PHC worker includes the physician as public doctor and nurse as primary health care practitioner and community health leader as village health worker. PHC workers of the aboves will thus function best if they are appropriately trained to respond to the health needs of the community. However in this country, since the national PHC service project launched in 1980, the government has not developed and performed appropriate and enough education and training activities. In light of above reasons, several categories of health education activities had been planned and performed being aimed at above specific target groups and the main focus was on the village health workers for about one year from July 1991 to July 1992 in Yeoju Kun of Kyonki Province. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. The totals of 80 village health workers, 13 public health practitioners and 9 public docters took in the course of health education for a few hours at every month and the evaluation works of educational effect were taken. The results the study were as follows. 1) Number of persons who realized the maxim "health care of the people is a duty of the government" increased after the education course, On the other hand, the rate of satisfaction on the effort of government for health promotion of the people decreased. 2) Public doctors and primary health care practitioners(nurses) liked and enjoyed the education schedule as a meeting of peer group. It provided chances of communication with staffs of Korea University Hospital. It was said that lectures covered great deal of knowledge and technic they urgently needed in the field. 3) After finishing the education course, more of village health workers(VHW) thought they adapted themselves to their roles and functions showing increased number of home visit and contact with primary health care practitioners by month. 4) In case of patient refer, VHW preferred primary health care practitioners to public doctors. 5) Capability of VHWs in most of their functions increased dramatically after when the education course finished except tuberculosis control.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.502-517
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• 1998

This research intends to survey family environment, health behavior and health status of the students in urban-rural elementary schools and analyze those factors comparatively, and use the result as basic material for school health teacher to teach health education in connection with family and regional areas. It also intends to improve a pupil's self-abilitiy in health care. The subjects involve 2,774 students of urban elementary schools and 583 student in rural ones, who were selected by means of a multi -stage probability sampling. Using the questionnaire and school documents, we collected data on family environment, health behavior and health status for 19 days. Feb. 2nd 1998 through Feb. 20th 1998. The R -form of Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974) was used in the analysis of family environment(Cronbach's Alpha =0.80). Questionnaires of Health Behavior in School-aged children used by the WHO in Europe(Aaro et al., 1986) and the ones developed by the Health Promotion Committee of the Western Pacific(WHO, 1995)(adapted by long Young-suk and Moon Young-hee(1996)) were used in the analysis of health behavior, as well documents on absences due to sickness, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, height, weight and degree of obesity were used to determine health status. In next step, We used them with an $X^2$-test, t-test, Odds Ratio, and a 95% Confidence Interval. 1. In two dimensions of three, family-relationship (t=3.41, p=0.001) and system -maintenances(t= 2.41, p=0.0l6) the mean score of urban children were significantly higher than those of rural ones. In the personal development dimension however, there was little significant difference. Assorting family environment into 10 sub-fields and analyzing them, we recognized that urban children were superior to rural children in the sub-fields of expressiveness (t =3.47, p=0.001), conflict (t=0.48, p=0.001), active-recreational orientation (t = 1.97, p=0.049) and organization (t=4.33, p=0.000). 2. Referring to the Odds Ratios of urban-rural children's health behaviors, urban children set up more desirable behavior than rural children wear ing safety belts (Odds Ratio =0.32, p=0.000), washing hands after meals(Odds Ratio = 0.43, p= 0.000), washing hands after excreting (Odds Ratio = 0.39, p=O.OOO), washing hands after coming - home ( Odds Ratio = 0.75, p = 0.003), brushing teeth before sleeping(Odds Ratio =0.45, p=0.000), brushing teeth more than once a day (Odds Ratio =0.73, p=0.0l2), drinking boiled water (Odds Ratio = 0.49, p=0.000), collecting garbage at home(Odds Ratio=0.31, p=0.000) and in the school(Odds Ratio =0. 67, p=0.000). All these led to significant differences. As to taking milk(Odds Ratio = 1.50, p=0.000), taking care of eyesight(Odds Ratio=1.41, p=0.001) and getting physical exercise in(Odds Ratio = 1.33, p=0.0l9) and outside the school(Odds Ratio = 1.32, p=0.005), rural children had more desirable behavior which also revealed a significant difference. There was little significant difference in smoking, but the smoking rate of rural children(5.5%) was larger than that of urban children(3.9%). 3. Health status was analyzed in terms of absences, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, and the degree of obesity, height and weight. Considering Odds Ratios of the health status of urban-rural children, the health status of rural children was significantly better than that of the urban ones in the level of physical strength(t=1.51, p=0.000) and the degree of obesity(t=1.84, p=0.000). The mean height of urban children ($150.4{\pm}7.5cm$) is taller than that of their counterparts($149.5{\pm}7.9$), which revealed a significant difference (t =2.47, p=0.0l4). The mean weight of urban children($42.9{\pm}8.6kg$) is larger than that of their counterparts($41.8{\pm}9.0kg$), which was also a significant difference(t=2.81, p=0.005). Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are significant differences in family environment, health behavior, and health status in urban-rural children. These results also suggestion ideas for health education. What we would suggest for the health program of elementary schools is that school health teachers should play an active role in promoting the need and importance of health education, develop the appropriate programs which correspond to the regional characteristics, and incorporate them into schools to improve children's ability to manage their own health management.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.225-229
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• 2014

Feeding behavior of Temora turbinata was investigated through laboratory experiments with special emphasis on its food preference and consequent clearance rate on diatom and microbial components given as common natural food assemblage of coastal area (Uchiumi, Uwa Sea, Japan). Among available prey items, T. turbinata showed the highest clearance rate for Thalassiosira spp. ($0.23{\pm}0.08L\;Temora^{-1}day^{-1}$) followed by Chaetoceros spp. ($0.11{\pm}0.03L\;Temora^{-1}day^{-1}$), but clearance rates for other diatom, Nitzschia spp. was lower (0.03 to $0.07L\;Temora^{-1}day^{-1}$). Bacterial abundances showed no response against 24-h feeding of T. turbinata. Feeding of T. turbinata on heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) was apparent when clearance rates of T. turbinata on diatoms were relatively low, but T. turbinata did not consume HNF as well as ciliates with Thalassiosira spp. of which clearance rate was highest. The results suggest that HNF and ciliates are possible supplementary prey item for T. turbinata, but their contribution as food sources can be limited by the presence of other prey items such as preferable diatom species.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.26-35
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• 2013

The study aims to deduct the factors needed for the judgement on merger and abolition policies and draw out suitable types of these policies through interviews with the people concerned during the process of the merger and abolition of schools in rural communities. Following are the results of the study. For the smaller scaled schools, it was possible to notice the fact that there are positive and negative aspects associated with the curriculums and the sociality of the students. However, collectively considering with the continuous decrease in the number of school aged children along with the development of curriculums, personal characters and sociality of the students, it is better when the schools are properly scaled. Also, it is needed to consider new sets of policies as the number of school aged children is continuously decreasing - the current policy states that there should be one school per village. For the implementation while not losing centripetal points of schools within the communities, the Branch policy(1-2 years based or 1-4 years based) is considered. This implementation is considered to be possible because the Branch schools can be turned into facilities such as nursery schools and preschools which enables communities to sustain the spaces for cultural and welfare needs for their own.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2002

Recently the North Korea has been suffered from the grain shortage, and the fundamental reason was in the socialistic land regulations and collective production which restrain farmers' labor desire. So one of the key in solve the problem may be in the reformation of the socialistic land regulations and collective production, however, the capitalistic land regulations may not work as the reformational alternative in the North Korea. The third alternative for land should consider efficiency and equality of reformation itself as well as environmental problems. The purpose of the study was to discuss the possible application of the Public Land Lease from Henry $George(1839{\sim}1897)'s$ theory. The basic idea of the Public Land Lease was that the government has the right of sentence and the right of profit for the land, and the individual has the right of use for the land. Under the Public Land Lease, the individual must pay the land rent for the period of the use for land, and must return the land when the contract is over. If the North Korea's rural land regulations reformed into the Public Land Lease, it would be the first reformational model beyond china.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2005

Since the financial turmoil in 1997, both the national and local governments have initiated a variety of policy measures to support small and medium-size firms to strengthen the national and regional economies. It is no doubt that such policies contributed to establish better business environment for them. However, many analytical reports and academic studies in recent years diagnose that the economy conditions for the small and medium-size firms are in crisis because many policy measures are made based on the supply-side approach rather than demand-side consideration. In order for the governments' efforts to be more realistic and effective, it is necessary to see what the policy target groups(that is. the small and medium-size entrepreneurs) want. This study surveyed entrepreneurs in Hwaseung city, Kyonggi-do, which has more than three-thousands of small and medium-size firms. It finds that in spite of locational advantages and a variety of policy supports from the provincial and local governments, they need more financial supports, more effective mass transportation system for commuting workers. less bureaucratic barriers, and so on.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine Japonica rice farming of China. Asian rice is divided into Japonica and Indica species. Japonica rice represents only less than 20% of Chinese rice output, but it can compete with Korea rice in both price and quality. The rise of income level has expanded the scale of production of Japonica rice in China. China’s adhesion to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has forced Chinese policy makers to face their obligations and responsibilities such as abolishing subsidies on agricultural exports. But being member of the WTO entry also helps China exercise and enhance its influential place in the global economy. Because of geographical proximity and the fact that Korea is ranked second among countries with which China still has a trade deficit, China may seek and plead for an opening of the protected Korean rice market to stabilize prices and prevent excess supply of Chinese rice. Though Korean rice farmers feel that prices are still low, Chinese rice remains far cheaper than Korean rice with the price gap is still on the rise. In anticipation of such fierce competition, Korea must carefully review its current policies and closely follow the evolution of rice production, marketing, and trade in China. This study also suggests some of the possible research using more recent data that should be conducted in the future.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.181-191
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of young farmers' residential location characteristics. Based on residential location theory and previous studies on the stated preference for residential environment of young farmers, this study develops a spatial econometrics model using housing and neighborhood variables, accessibility variables, natural environment variables and farm economics and management variables. The findings suggest that the higher rate of young farmers has a positive relationship with higher population density, higher housing price, closer distance to city centers and Eup districts compared to Myeon districts. In addition, areas which have higher rate of farmers with high sales and growing certain crops such as fruits and vegetables are revealed to have higher rate of young farmers. This study presents that maintaining rural vitality is also crucial for attracting young farmers to rural areas and remaining them in the farm as active agricultural workforce.