• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.404-409
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• 2013

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a metallo-protein and functions as an antioxidant enzyme. In this study, we used lentiviral vectors to generate transgenic chickens that express the human EC-SOD gene. The recombinant lentiviruses were injected into the subgerminal cavity of freshly laid eggs. Subsequently, the embryos were incubated to hatch using phases II and III of the surrogate shell ex vivo culture system. Of 158 injected embryos, 16 chicks (G0) hatched and were screened for the hEC-SOD by PCR. Only 1 chick was identified as a transgenic bird containing the transgene in its germline. This founder (G0) bird was mated with wild-type hens to produce transgenic progeny, and 2 transgenic chicks (G1) were produced. In the generated transgenic hens (G2), the hEC-SOD protein was expressed in the egg white and showed antioxidant activity. These results highlight the potential of the chicken for production of biologically active proteins in egg white.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.19-25
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• 2014

Alternative sources of energy take a higher interest in order to reduce the greenhouse gas under the Climate Change Convention, fossil fuel consumption, and lower social anxiety about nuclear power such as crisis involving the Fukushima plant, problem of obsolete equipment. The energy consumption of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in South Korea is 3,082,000toe by 2011, reliance on electrical energy(35%) and oil(57.2%) is very high with 92.2%. In this study, we examined reserves and available capacity of temperature difference energy for thermal discharge from plant, treated sewage, river water, dam, and agricultural reservoir in rural community. Reserves of unutilized energy are 455,735Tcal/yr in rural community, these accounts for 78% of total reserves 582,385Tcal/y. Thermal discharge from plant has the most reserves of unutilized energy in rural community, it is estimated that it has the reserves of 277,410Tcal/y. Available capacity of unutilized energy in rural community is total 134,147Tcal/y, thermal discharge from plant available for heating is the most 128,035Tcal/y, and it shows in the order of treated sewage 4,318Tcal/y, river water 1,653Tcal/y, and reservoir 141Tcal/y. Elevating temperature area of green house by 2012 is 21,208ha. The amount of energy required for heating the greenhouse a year is dbout 11,365Tcal/y with 8.5% of the total available capacity of unutilized energy.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2005

New occupational types, suitable for the elderly, have been developed in order to extend job opportunities for that demographic. However, it was mainly done from the perspective of the urban elderly and did not take into account the rural elderly's needs and the special conditions in rural areas. Especially, as 53.4% of the rural elderly 60 years old and over has engaged in economic activities and 88.7% of them are working in the field of agriculture or forestry, the development on the new kinds of job for the rural elderly is more meaningful as secondary jobs rather than as new occupations. Therefore, this study aimed at developing the new kinds of occupation suitable for the rural elderly. For this purpose, data were collected from 279 elderly farmers 60 years old and over working currently or have ever worked in something other than farming work. Questionnaires were composed to measure preferences for jobs by work characteristics and evaluations on the appropriateness of the jobs for the elderly selected by the Ministry of Labor in Korea. The results showed that the rural elderly preferred work doing at home, together with the elderly, in groups, and light physical labor to technical or office work that must commute regularly. Also, they evaluated that most of the occupations suitable for the elderly announced by the Ministry of Labor were more suitable for the male than the female elderly. Based on these findings, this study selected 18 kinds of individual and 11 common jobs by sex. It may contribute to creating job opportunities for the rural elderly by applying it to the policy or extension, and to revitalizing the rural elderly's lives and increasing their incomes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of recognition of the actual conditions, performances, problems and issues of the Direct Payment Program for Rural Landscape Conservation(DPPRLC) between interest groups who are residents, officials and experts. In the results of this study, there were differences in awareness of DPPRLC depending on interest groups and whether the program participation. It is determined to be caused the limitations of the program that the target district farmers recognised the program as a source of income and seldom act to manage the rural landscape except cultivating "landscape crops". Therefore, the efforts will be demanded to clarify and share the goals, contents of the project. The following measures are proposed in this study for the direction of improvement of DPPRLC: First, the various efforts are needed to overcome the differences on the interest group's recognition for goals, contents, performance of the Direct Payment Program for rural landscape conservation. Second, it is needed to conduct the program based on the rural landscape plan and participant's capabilities. Third, the various programs to attract voluntary participation from residents should be implemented. Forth, it demands the entrusted implementation to professional organizations to support resident's voluntary activities of surveying rural landscape resources, planning rural landscape conservation, execution of village landscape conservation, etc. Fifth, the various programs to strengthen participant's capabilities should be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to suggest the rural village model which is able to be applied to the rural village (re)development. The rural village model consists of five sector models land use model, residential unit model, public facilities allocation model, productive space arrangement model, road & green system model. The village model as a spatial structure needs modification/revision through the its application to various sites. The following are suggestions developed in the process of preparing a model for the Korean rural village. First, some indices presented in the land use model need to be further studied as the planning indices before implementing the rural village projects. Second, it is recomended that the image of a rural village needs to be created by developing the residential unit(6 households) as a planning development unit, And various residential unit models need to be suggested. Third, it is desirable to develop the double circulation system and green edge(1 m), and to introduce pedestrian road as much as possible for the amenity of the residential environment, Fourth, being located within walking distance from the existing village, new-introduced site should be developed as a interlinked and opened structure. The rural village model is useful in preparing the spatial structure for the village (re)development, and in finding the best design solution responsive to the conditions of a project site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.107-115
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• 2022

This study investigated the status of resident participation in the policy of supplying new and renewable energy in rural areas. According to the survey, most of the rural residents were well aware of the new and renewable energy supply project promoted by the government. However, it was found that participation in the project was difficult mainly for economic and social reasons. In order to activate the participation of rural residents who can't participate in the renewable energy power generation project for economic and social reasons, it is necessary to develop and promote business models and support policies for power generation projects in which village communities participate. Changes in residents' acceptability due to resident education and operation for solar power systems were analyzed. As a result of the survey, it was found that the satisfaction of rural residents was high when new and renewable energy power generation projects were introduced in rural areas. Therefore, it is thought that the government's goal of increasing farm household income and expanding the supply of new and renewable energy in rural area can be successfully achieved by the improvement of resident acceptability and the increase of the participation rate. Lastly, this study presented a plan to improve the resident acceptability of the renewable energy system by using the rural solar project and survey results.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.554-566
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Urban-rural inequities in health and mortality exist in Korea, a highly centralized developed country. The potential impact of multiple health-related lifestyle behaviors on mortality and difference between urban and rural areas is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-risk health behaviors on all-cause mortality among residents living in urban and rural in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on 8,298 adults aged 40 yrs and older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015. High-risk behaviors were defined as having poor diet quality, current smoking, high-risk drinking, or insufficient physical activity. Mortality status was linked to the Cause of Death data followed up to December 31, 2019. The associations between all-cause mortality and high-risk behaviors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, income, and survey year. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated, and effect modification analysis was conducted. Participants were stratified by residential area (urban or rural). RESULTS: During the follow-up (median: 5.4 yrs), 313 deaths occurred. A higher proportion of rural residents than urban residents engaged in multiple high-risk behaviors (28.9% vs. 22.6%; P < 0.0001). As individual factors, a greater risk of mortality was associated with poor diet quality, current smoking, and inadequate physical activity, and these tendencies persisted in rural residents, especially for diet quality. Multiple high-risk behaviors were positively associated with a higher risk of mortality in Koreans living in urban and rural areas. PAF (95% confidence interval) was 18.5% (7.35-27.9%) and 29.8% (16.1-40.2%) in urban and rural residents, respectively. No additive or multiplicative effect of the region was observed. CONCLUSION: The higher prevalence of multiple high-risk lifestyle behaviors in rural residents may explain the higher mortality in rural areas compared to urban areas. Comprehensive public health policies to improve health-related behaviors in rural populations may be needed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.139-161
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• 2020

The aims of this study were to classify the cultivation status of medicinal crop farmers and to obtain basic data on domestic medicinal crops. To this end, 406 medicinal crop farmers participating in farming education programs in 14 cities and counties were surveyed over 10 months. The results were as follows. First, the biggest difficulty farmers faced in the overall production of medicinal crops was a lack of cultivation skills. Second, in a detailed inquiry about each difficulty item, the most difficult problems were injury by continuous cropping of root-using crops, shortage of specific farm machinery, uncertain market prices, and lack of knowledge about pest control or the positive list system (PLS). Third, the profitability of medicinal crops increased with career experience. Among the farmers who earned profits, requests for education and technical guidance were the most important factors for profitability. Fourth, the results of the analysis suggest that to achieve stable cultivation of medicinal crops, the following items need to be addressed: development and supply of basic cultivation technologies, climate response, registration of pest control pesticides, a solution to the injury by continuous cropping, and contracting cultivation expansion. Additionally, to improve profitability, it is necessary to create conditions that enable the same crops to grow for a long time in one region.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.436-444
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• 2005

We describe the morphology and molecular organization of heterochromatin domains in the interphase nuclei, and mitotic and meiotic chromosomes, of Brassica rapa, using DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of rDNA and pericentromere tandem repeats. We have developed a simple method to distinguish the centromeric regions of mitotic metaphase chromosomes by prolonged irradiation with UV light at the DAPI excitation wavelength. Application of this bleached DAPI band (BDB) karyotyping method to the 45S and 5S rDNAs and 176 bp centromere satellite repeats distinguished the 10 B. rapa chromosomes. We further characterized the centromeric repeat sequences in BAC end sequences. These fell into two classes, CentBr1 and CentBr2, occupying the centromeres of eight and two chromosomes, respectively. The centromere satellites encompassed about 30% of the total chromosomes, particularly in the core centromere blocks of all the chromosomes. Interestingly, centromere length was inversely correlated with chromosome length. The morphology and molecular organization of heterochromatin domains in interphase nuclei, and in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes, were further characterized by DAPI staining and FISH of rDNA and CentBr. The DAPI fluorescence of interphase nuclei revealed ten to twenty conspicuous chromocenters, each composed of the heterochromatin of up to four chromosomes and/or nucleolar organizing regions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.226-235
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• 2019

In this study, the product characteristics and physicochemical properties were investigated through collection of commercial porridge. The addition rate of grain raw materials was about 6.5~11.75%, glutinous rice was added at a rate of about 23~60% to improve the viscosity and various other food additives were used. The moisture content characteristics varied among the products. The rotational viscosity of CP (Commercial Porridge)4 was the highest at 39,054 cP, while the flow viscosity of CP3 was least at 4.80 cm/30 seconds. The starch content differed among the products in the range of total starch 6.96~8.08%, amylose 1.41~2.61%, total sugar 6.55~12.81% and reducing sugar 0.50~0.99%. Particularly, total sugar showed a very high correlation (-0.920) while rotational viscosity and color value (b) showed significant correlation with most of the properties i.e. moisture, solids content etc. There was a rapid increase in the reactivity of starch degrading enzyme at the early stage of the reaction which gradually decreased with time. The physicochemical characteristics of commercial porridge presented in this study could be expected to increase the industrial use value of the related research because it considers the quality of the currently commercialized porridge for the future selection of suitable porridge raw materials.