• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

This study aims to understand the characteristics of dangsan forests and rural community forests (RCF), and seek for a landscape management scheme. Dangsan forests and RCF have been maintained by local residents since hundreds of years ago. However, many of them have been disturbed. The case sites were derived from the twenty villages previous investigated where dangsan forests and RCF's remainrd. The two sites were remodelled to restore what have been degraded. Hanbam village has maintained its dangsan forest with good management practices, whereas the dangsan forest and RCF of Goiran village showed relatively poor management. The size of dangsan forest at hanbam village was 13,784$m^2$, and major tree species was Pinus densiflora. In total, 151 trees with more than 30cm in DBH were standing on the site. As a cultural activity, the dangsan festival have been held in January $5^{th}$ by lunar calendar to the 2005 at the Jindongdan, a dangsan tree made of stone. The RCF of Hanbam village has disappeared due to the event of landslide in 1930, which needs to be restored. Goiran village has a dangsan forest and a RCF. The forests in Goiran village revealed many problems due to bad management practice. The prototype of the dangsan forest was deteriorated by introduced Prunus serrulata and the facilities for physical training. A systematic management scheme for dangsan forests and RCF's should be established with a close partnership among local residents, experts, and local government.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

Rural areas dominate country landscape, where the population is rich in traditional and natural heritage. Dangsan forests and Rural community forests (RCF) have been maintained by local residents for hundreds of years. However, many of these forests have been disturbed, and only small amount of Dangsan forests and the RCF remain due to the efforts of local residents. Recently, the remnants of Dangsan forests and RCF have been regarded as living traditional landscapes representing the cultural and rural background of Korea. But the value of Dangsan forests and the RCFs has not been recognized by many. This study aims to understand the characteristics and management status of Dangsan forests in Sungnam-ri, Wonju. Sungnam-ri has four villages, each of which is bordered by a Dangsan forest at the riparian buffer. Sungnam-ri has been selsected as a site for a rural village development project by the Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea. Sunghwanglim (the Upper Dangsan forest) is designated as Natural Monument No.93 and entrance is limited in this area. The size of Sunghwanglim is $21,133m^2$, and the major tree species are Kalopanax pictus (Dangsan tree, Divine tree), Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Acer triflorum, Ulmus davidiana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata. In total, 124 trees with more than 40 cm in DBH are at this site. As for cultural activities, the Dangsan festival is held on April 8th and September 9th of the lunar calendar at shrines in the forests. Although other Dangsan forests are smaller than Sunghwanglim, they also have similar cultural activities. The landscape of the Dangsan forests have been managed for several hundred years by the local people, and they intend to continue maintaining the Dangsan forests for the purpose of festivals and other cultural activities. The findings in this study suggest that Dangsan forests have the potential for the development of rural villages and for the improvement of cultural and natural landscapes in Korea.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.31-55
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• 2005

우리나라 농촌마을의 당산숲 마을숲은 하천변에 위치한 수변림(Riparian buffers)으로서, 하천통로에 연결된 녹지 패치이다. 당산숲 마을숲은 약 $400{\sim}500$년 전에 마을주민들이 자연재해 예방 등의 목적을 위해 하천변에 인공적으로 심은 나무로 이루어져 있다. 당산숲 마을숲은 그 동안 많이 훼손되고 소실되어 그 실체가 도시민 등 많은 사람들에게 그 실체와 가치가 잘 인식되어 있지 않다. 이 논문은 하천경관으로서 당산숲 마을숲이 갖고 있는 경관생태적 기능과 역할 제고 방안을 찾고자 한 것으로 첫째, 국내외 자연형 하천관리 및 당산숲 마을숲의 특성, 둘째로 당산숲 마을숲과 하천의 상관관계, 셋째로 하천경관으로서 당산숲 마을숲의 기능 고찰 및 역할 제고의 내용으로 구성되었다. 자연형 하천 관리에서 외국의 사례는 유럽 등을 살펴 보았고, 국내의 자연형 하천관리 시책으로는 건설교통부의 '친환경 하천정비 기본계획 수립지침'(2005), 환경부의 '하천복원 가이드라인'(2002), 행정자치부의 '소하천정비 종합계획'을 고찰하였다. 당산숲 마을숲과 하천의 상관관계에서는 하천의 저서성대형무척추동물과 수질을 측정하였는데, 통계패키지 SPSS 12.0을 사용하여 유의수준 10%를 기준으로 분산분석한 결과, 출현종(군)의 수, GPI(군오염지수), DO, 수온, pH, EC, BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P 등 모두 11개의 조사항목 중 출현종(군)의 수, GPI, DO, EC, BOD, SS등 여섯 항목에서 숲의 유무에 의한 차이만 유의성이 인정되었다. 당산숲 마을숲의 기능 고찰 및 역할 제고에서는 먼저, 선진 외국에서 수변완충녹지의 기능을 어떻게 이해하며 중시하고 있는가를 살펴본 후, 우리나라 당산숲 마을숲이 갖고 있는 수변림으로서 특성과 기능을 파악하고자 하였으며 역할 제고에 대하여 고찰하였다. 결론으로, 수변경관으로서 당산숲 마을숲의 기능 역할 제고를 통해 우리나라 현실에 근거한 '한국형 하천경관 관리 방안'을 제시하였다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.183-197
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• 2009

The management aggravation of forests and the increase in the demand on resorts promote the urban use of forests, and the development of forests-using resorts is becoming an important political issue. Based on this understanding, this paper purports to examine the causes for the failure of the Shinrin Toshi policy (development of living space and resorts) which Japan promoted, and also examined the future direction of the development of forest resorts in Korea. As a result of the study, it was found that the Shinrin Toshi policy of Japan was promoted through the new changes of bubble economy and forest culture theory, and various strategies for the co-existence of human beings and nature were worked out. However, the policy took precedence without concrete plan production, which was found as the direct cause for the failure. The reasons for not having concrete plan production were: the target and the resort lifestyle (who will use it and what life will be developed) were not clear; the subject of the policy was restricted to state forests; and the dependence on civil capital in the promotion of the policy was too big. Therefore, in order to make the Shinrin Toshi policy successful, concrete lifestyle how the forest resort will be used and operated - needs to be set up and resources should be concretized. For this, the concrete demand on the forest resort life and the traditional community property of forest areas will have to be examined.

• 농촌계획
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-58
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• 2011

This paper is performed to study for the plants ecosystems for the rural community forest of designated as natural monument. In addition, it is also proposed the plan of the rural community forest's conservation and restoration for avoiding to the destroy of indiscriminate development such as land-use, cultivation. The rural community forest is a mirror that reflect the regional culture and history, as well as environment. According to this view, undoubtedly, we need to recognise the formative background of rural community forest, the relations between the environment around and the characteristic of plants ecosystem comprehensively. For the purpose of proposing to the plan of rural village forests' conservation and restoration, therefore, this study is: 1) reviews the previous research and ancient documents, and 2) surveys the vegetation structure and the growing conditions in rural village forest directly.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.347-359
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• 2016

Landscape characteristics and the culture of the sacred Dangsan forests located at Mulgeon village, Eunjeom village and Daejipo village in Mulgeon-ri, Namhae-gun were investigated. The potential of Dangsan forests for agricultural heritage, linked with paddy fields, has been discussed. Dangsan forest is a traditional village forest and a representative cultural heritage with a history of more than several hundred years. The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of Korea evaluates that the agricultural heritage is a new means and will provide a potential for the development of rural areas. The Dangsan forests were located in the neighborhood of paddy fields. The Dangsan forests are to be related to paddy fields in order to get attention as an agricultural heritage. Especially, the Dangsan forest of Mulgeon village was designated as Natural Monument ＃150 with the name, Windbreak forest of Mulgeon-ri, Namhae. It was suggested that the national monument to rename as Dangsan forest of Mulgeon village, Namhae. The size of this forest was measured to be 735 m in length and 31 m in width. Mulgeon-ri will be better recognized as a candidate place of agricultural heritage with three Dangsan forests associated with paddy fields.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.188-209
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• 2009

우리나라 농어촌은 인구는 적으나 국토경관의 대부분을 차지하며 자연경관과 전통생활문화가 남아 있는 소중한 공간이다. 우리나라 40,000여 농촌마을 중 많은 수가 사라진 당산숲은 우리나라를 대표하는 문화경관으로서, 수백 년 전 마을 주민들에 의해 조성된 후, 현재까지 마을주민들에 의해 보전 관리되고 있는 전통경관이며 우리 농촌이 보유하고 있는 국가적 문화자산이다. 그러나, 근래에 개최된 마을숲 관련 학술대회에서도 발표의 주요 테마는 "마을숲의 개념" 정립과 관련된 것이었으며, 그 동안의 많은 연구에도 불구하고 당산숲 마을숲에 대한 보다 명확한 실체 구명이 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문은 우리나라 농어촌의 문화경관인 당산숲의 특성을 올바로 이해하고자 한 것으로서, 10년간의 문헌검색, 현지 답사활동 등을 통해 발굴한 40개 농어촌마을 당산숲의 조사 분석자료 중에서 당산숲의 3대 구성요소와 당산숲문화로서의 당산제 부분을 발췌하여 정리한 것이다. 당산숲의 3대 구성요소와 관련하여 당산나무는 내륙의 20마을 중에서 16곳, 해안가 20마을 중에서는 11곳이 있었는데, 당산나무를 정해두지 않은 나머지 13마을은 숲 전체를 당산나무로 여기고 있는 경우이다. 내륙의 20마을 당산숲에서 성황당은 9곳으로 45%, 돌탑은 6곳으로 30%가 나타났으며 두 개의 시설물 중 하나라도 나타나는 비율은 14곳으로 70%이다. 해안가 20마을 당산숲에서 성황당은 15곳으로 75%가 나타났는데, 돌탑은 20개 마을 모두에서 볼 수 없어 두 개의 시설물 중 하나라도 나타나는 비율은 15곳으로 75%이다. 당산숲을 올바로 이해하고 지속가능한 관리를 하기 위해서는 당산제를 비롯한 당산숲문화에 대해서 이해할 필요가 있다. 지난 10년간 매년 한 두 마을 정도의 당산제에 참가하여 40마을 중에서 강릉 구정리 등 11개 마을의 당산제는 직접 참관하였고, 화순 동산마을 등 4개 마을은 당산제 전날의 금줄 치기, 황토 뿌리기 등 준비상황을 참관하였다. 그 외의 마을은 당산나무나 돌탑에 있는 금줄 등을 통해 당산제를 지냈음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.345-354
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• 2015

In this study, the landscape characteristics and culture of the sacred Dangsan forests at Dongnae-ri, Seonae-ri, Namnae-ri, Pyeongchon-ri and Gyochon-ri were investigated. And the potential for registration in the World Heritage List has been discussed by linking the Dangsan forests at the five sites. Dangsan forest, a traditional village forests of rural Korea is a representative cultural heritage with a history of more than several hundred years of Dangsan ritual. The Dangsan forests in the neighborhood of Naganeuoseong have retained the landscape of town fortress during Choseon Dynasty and the Dangsan ritual as a living culture. The three villages inside Naganeuoseong have kept their Upper Dang, Middle Dang and Lower Dang. There were 21 old trees in total; Zelkova serrata (2), Celtis sinensis (7), Aphananthe aspera (5) trees, Carpinus tschonoskii (2) and Ginkgo biloba (3). The three Dangsan trees and an old Aphananthe aspera, known as to be planted by the Admiral Yi Sun-sin were recognized. The two villages located outside of village fortress also have kept their Dangsan ritual. It is important whether the sites possesses authenticity in order to be listed in the World Heritage. The Dangsan forests in the neighborhood of Naganeuoseong have been verified for the authenticity, which should be focused. The places need to be clarified for their landscape features formed as a Dangsan forest, and sustainable protection and management plans are to be devised.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2021

Phytosociological characteristics on Quercus acutissima forests distribution in Daechong-dam basin survey has been carried out using Z.-M. School's methodology and numerical-classification analyses. A total of 43 phytosociological relevés were sampled. Syntaxa were described as Oplismenus undulatifolius-Quercus acutissima community(typicum subcommunity, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica subcommunity, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community and Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community (typicum subcommunity, Castanea crenata subcommunity). The above three plant communities were classified with species composition reflecting local environmental characteristics of mountain topographies, inclination degrees, and rock exposure rates. Conclusively, those communities were recognized as secondary vegetation affected by high intensity and frequency of human impacts as they inhabited in southward hill lands and low lying grounds in mountains adjacent to human settlements and arable lands. Quercus acutissima community was classified as rural type syntax based on their inlandward distribution and species composition differences from urban forests. Afforest process and natural succession were discussed in relation with habitat environmental elements of Quercus acutissima forest in the survey area.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2009

Land cover changes associated with urbanization have driven climate change and pollution, which alter properties of ecosystems at local, regional, and continental scales. Thus, the relationships among urban ecological variables such as community composition, structure, health, soil and functioning need to be better understood to restore and improve urban ecosystems. In this study, we discuss urban ecosystem management and research from a futuristic perspective based on analyses of vegetation structure, composition, and successional trends, as well as the chemical properties of soils and the distribution of heat along an urban-rural gradient. Urban thermo-profile analysis using satellite images showed an obvious mitigating effect of vegetation on the Seoul heat island. Community attributes of Quercus mongolica stands reflected the effects of urbanization, such as pronounced increases in disturbance-related and pollution-tolerant species, such as Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia. Retrogressive successional trends were detected in urban sites relative to those in rural sites. Changes in the urban climate and biotic environment have the potential to significantly influence the practice and outcomes of ecological management, restoration and forecasting because of the associated changes in future bio-physical settings. Thus, for management (i.e., creation and restoration) of urban green spaces, forward-thinking perspectives supported by historical information are necessary.