• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1499-1509
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• 2016

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was $444.05m^3/year$, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to estimate the pollutant loads from paddy fields by cultivation practices using a non-point-sources models. One of them is CREAMS-PADDY model that was developed considering the water balance and mass balance of paddy fields. The CREAMS-PADDY model was applied to provide basic data to reduce runoff loadings under various scenarios such as various water management control and various fertilizer condition. The model was verified against T-N, T-P and runoff flow data collected during cropping periods at 2000. The model results agreed well with the measured data in verification. The results showed that the model could be used for estimating the runoff loadings from irrigated paddy fields by cultivation practices was possible. Comparison of simulated the standard height and the sluice management of T-N and T-P runoff loadings from paddy fields were +32.4%, +10.3% in 10 mm below the standard height, -29.2%, -35.9% in 20 mm above the standard height, 52.6%, 59.0% in 40 mm above the standard height, respectively. Comparison of simulated the standard fertilizer and the fertilizer control of T-N and T-P runoff loadings from paddy fields were -1.3%, -21.7%in reduction of conventional fertilizer 30%, -1.0%, -12.5% in reduction of standard fertilizer 30%, respectively. Therefore, reducing nonpoint-sources nutrient loading by reducing fertilization may not work well in the range of normal paddy rice farming practices, and instead it could be achieved by reducing surface drainage outflow.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2019

High impervious surfaces increase the surface runoff during rainfall and reduces the underground infiltration thereby leading to water cycle distortion. The distortion of water cycle causes various urban environmental problems such as urban flooding, drought, water pollutant due to non-point pollution runoff, and water ecosystem damage. Climate change intensified seasonal biases in urban rainfall and affected urban microclimate, thereby increasing the intensity and frequency of urban floods and droughts. Low impact development(LID) technology has been applied to various purposes as a technique to reduce urban environmental problems caused by water by restoring the natural water cycle in the city. This study evaluated the contribution of hydrologic characteristics and water cycle recovery after LID application using long-term monitoring results of various LID technology applied in urban areas. Based on the results, the high retention and infiltration rate of the LID facility was found to contribute significantly to peak flow reduction and runoff delay during rainfall. The average runoff reduction effect was more than 60% at the LID facility. The surface area of the LID facility area ratio(SA/CA) was evaluated as an important factor affecting peak flow reduction and runoff delay effect.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.613-621
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• 2022

Due to the global climate change, the rainfall volume and frequency on the Korean Peninsula are predicted to increase at the end of the 21st century. In addition, impervious surface areas have increased due to rapid urbanization which has caused the urban water cycle to deteriorate. Green Infrastructure (GI) researches have been conducted to improve the water cycle soundness; the efficiency of this technique has been verified through various studies. However, there are still no suitable GI design guidelines for this aspect. Therefore, the rainfall scenarios are set up for each percentile (60, 70, 80, 90) based on the volume and frequency analysis using 10-year rainfall data (Busan Meteorological Station). After determining the GI areas for each scenario, the runoff reduction characteristics are analyzed based on Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 10-year rainfall-runoff-simulations. The total runoff reduction efficiency for each GI areas are computed to have a range of 13.1~52.1%. As a results of the quantitative analysis, the design rainfall for GI is classified into the 80~85 percentile in the study site.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2012

Soil erosion has been emphasized as serious environmental problem affecting water quality in the receiving waterbodies. Recently, Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been applied at a field to reduce soil erosion and its effectiveness in soil erosion reduction has been monitored with various methods. Although monitoring at fields/watershed outlets would be accurate way for these ends, it is not possible at some fields/watersheds due to various limitations in direct monitoring. Thus modeling has been suggested as an alternative way to evaluate effects of the BMPs. Most models, which have been used in evaluating hydrology and water quality at a watershed, could not reflect rainfall intensity in runoff generation and soil erosion processes. In addition, source codes of these models are not always public for modification/enhancement. Thus, runoff-sediment evaluation system using hourly rainfall data and vegetated filter strip (VFS) evaluation module at field level were developed using open source MapWindow GIS component in this study. This evaluation system was applied to Bangdongri, Chuncheonsi to evaluate its prediction ability and VFS module in this study. The NSE and $R^2$ values for runoff estimation were 0.86 and 0.91, respectively, and measured and simulated sediment yield were 15.2 kg and 16.5 kg indicating this system, developed in this study, can be used to simulate runoff and sediment yield with acceptable accuracies. Nine VFS scenarios were evaluated for effectiveness of soil erosion reduction. Reduction efficiency of the VFS was high when sediment inflow was small. As shown in this study, this evaluation system can be used for evaluation BMPs with local rainfall intensity and variations considered with ease-of-use GIS interface.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2019

Recently, research about Low-Impact Development (LID) techniques has been expanded due to problems with the effects of climate change and urbanization that have been increasing. LID technology is used to control flood damage environmentally to reduce runoff and is reduce runoff on city also restore into previous water circulation system from present developed city. However, studies about quantitative data of LID techniques are insufficient. Therefore in this study, the Curve Number (CN) was calculated with the Planter Box, which is storage type LID technology to conduct the water circulation (infiltration, runoff, overflow) analysis. Rainfall intensity scenario (60.4 mm/hr, 83.1 mm/hr, 97.4 mm/hr, 108.2 mm/hr) about water circulation analysis of Planter Box is selected on the basis of probable rainfall intensity table. According to the experimental results, the storage rate of rainwater in Building Planter Box and Street Planter Box was 43.5% to 52.9% and 33.4% to 39%, respectively. In addition, CN value is estimated to 83 at the Planter box and the runoff reduction effect by applying Horton's infiltration capacity curve showed on 51% to 98%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.557-564
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to evaluate a criteria of intercepting capacity and a reduction goal of overflow pollution load in combined sewer system. In the current criteria of intercepting capacity in the domestic sewage facility standard, it is known that three times of peak sewage (Q) in dry period or runoff flow by 2mm/hr is not appropriate since the intercepted flow is estimated by runoff and show different result even in the same watershed. Though a reduction goal of overflow pollution load can be determined from 1) same level of storm-water runoff pollution load in separated storm sewer, 2) less than 5% sewage load in dry weather period, by the domestic sewage facility standard, the simulated results from storm-water model show large differences between two criteria. While it is predicted that sewage pollution load standard three time larger than separated storm sewer standard in high population density and urbanized area, it is shown that separate storm sewer standard larger than sewage pollution load standard in middle population density and developing area. Accordingly, it is proposed that more reasonable intercepting flow and reduction goal of overflows pollution load should be established to minimize discharging pollution load in combined sewer systems. For the purpose, a resonable standard has to be amended by pollution load balance considering the characteristics of a watershed for generation, collection, treatment, and discharging flow.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.436-443
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• 2012

This research was focused on the effect of rice straw and rice straw mat on the reduction of upland field non-point source (NPS) pollution discharges. Six experimental plots of $5{\times}22m$ in size and 3% in slope prepared on gravelly sandy loam soil were treated with control, rice straw cover and rice straw mat cover. Radish in Spring growing seasons were cultivated. NPS pollution discharge was monitored and compared with respect to the treatments. The surface cover rate of rice straw and rice straw mat right after the treatments was 64.7% and 73.7%, respectively. Rainfall of the 16 monitored events ranged from 12.8 mm to 538.2 mm. Runoff coefficient of the events was 0.01~0.67 in control plot, 0~0.63 in rice straw plot and 0~0.45 in rice straw mat plot. The reduction of runoff compared to the control plot was 5.4~99.7% in rice straw plot and 32.9~100% in rice straw mat plot. The reduction of NPS pollution load was 52.0% for SS, 28.5% for T-N and 35.2% for T-P in rice straw plot and 79.8% for SS, 68.3% for T-N and 53.3% for T-P in rice straw mat plot. This research revealed that rice straw mat cover on the soil surface could not only increase the crop yield and farmer's income but also reduce the NPS pollution loads significantly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1239-1251
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• 2015

Impervious areas have been expanded by urbanization and the natural structure of water circulation has been destroyed. The limits of centralized management for controlling storm water runoff in urban areas have been suggested. Low impact development (LID) technologies have been promoted as a crucial alternative, establishing a connection with city development plans to build green infrastructures in environmentally friendly cities. Thus, the improvement of water circulation and the control of nonpoint source were simulated through XP-SWMM (storm water and wastewater management model for experts) in this study. The application of multiple LID combination practices with permeable pavements, bioretention cells, and gutter filters were observed as reducing the highest runoff volume by up to 70%. The results from four different LID installation scenarios indicated that permeable paving is the most effective method for reducing storm water runoff. The rate of storm water runoff volume reduced as the rainfall duration extended. Based on the simulation results, each LID facility was designed and constructed in the target area. The LID practices in an urban area enable future studies of the analysis of the criteria, suitable capacity, and cost-efficiency, and proper management methods of various LID techniques.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.691-699
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• 2010

In recent years, increases in impervious areas with rapid urbanization and land use changes are causing numerous hydrologic cycle and environmental problems. Impermeable pavement have a various defect such as collection rainwater, decreasing of sliding resistance, and etc. In this study, the hydrologic cycle effect of permeable pavement were analyzed by the experiment and the numerical simulation. The numerical model used was a modified SWMM especially for considering the hydrologic cycle effect of permeable pavement. The parameters of modified SWMM were revised by the experimental results. Also, the effects of runoff quantity reduction are reviewed when permeable pavement is applied to Incheon Cheongna watershed. The hydrologic cycle analysis of Incheon Cheongna watershed, continuous simulations of urban runoff were performed. The analysis results of permeable pavement setup effect on runoff are follows: the surface runoff after permeable pavement setup decreases to 74.35% of the precipitation whereas the surface runoff before permeable pavement setup amounts to 81.38% of the precipitation; the infiltration after permeable pavement setup increases to 15.13% of the precipitation whereas the infiltration before permeable pavement setup amounts to 8.32% of the precipitation.