• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.409-418
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep fed dried mugwort and mugwort silage for 5% levels of rice straw in the basal diet, and mugwort pellet for 5% levels of concentrate in the basal diet. For the experiment, they were given a basal diet containing of rice straw and concentrate mixed at a 3: 7 ratio (DM basis). The treatments were designed as a 4 ${\times}$ 4 Latin square design with four sheep (50.2 kg body weight). The digestibility of crude protein was increased (p < 0.05) to 4.6 - 6.2 % in sheep fed mugwort silage treatments (60.23 %) compared with those of control (54.08 %) and dried mugwort treatment (55.67 %). That of ether extract was iicreased (p < 0.05) to 4.8 - 8.8 % in sheep fed mugwort silage treatments (80.22 %) compared with those of control (71.47 %) and dried mugwort treatment (75.46 %). In the dry matter intake, mugwort silage treatment (904.44 g) was the hightest and mugwort pellet treatment, dried mugwort treatment and control were 810.66 g, 780.66 g and 742.18 g, respectively. The ruminal pH in all treatments were rapidly decreased (p < 0.05) at 0.5 and 1 hour after feeding and slowly increased at 2, 4 and 8 hours after feeding, especially mugwort silage treatment. The ammonia nitrogen concentrations were the highest (p < 0.05) in sheep fed mugwort silage treatment (11.24 - 12.05mg / 100 rnz) at 0.5 and 2 hours after feeding. The ruminal concentrations of acetic acid (6.06 mmol /100 $m\ell$) and propionic acid (2.35 mmol/ 100 mz) were an increased (p < 0.05) at the mugwort silage treatments at 1 and 2 hours after feeding. Purine derivatives out put (13.41 mmol / d) and microbial protein production (11.61 mmol / d) were increased (p < 0.05) compared with those of control (5.42 and 4.93 mmol / d).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2006

Four male crossbred native beef cattle (average body weight of 427.7 kg) were randomly allocated to four types of cassoy-urea pellet as a source of protein in concentrate according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine effect of diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. The four types of cassoy-urea pellets contained cassava hay, soybean meal, urea and binding agent at 79.2:19.8:0:1 (27.9% CP dry matter), 78.4:19.6:1:1 (30.4% CP), 77.6:19.4:2:1 (33.0% CP) and 99:0:0:1 (23.8% CP) for dietary treatments; 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All four concentrate mixtures contained similar crude protein levels (11% CP) and were fed to animals in two equal parts (0.5% of body weight per day) while urea-treated rice straw (5% urea) was given ad libitum. The experiment revealed that dietary concentrate treatments had no effect on dry matter intake while digestibilities of neutral-detergent fiber and crude protein were higher (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in cattle fed dietary treatment 4. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), was higher and acetic acid concentration (C2) and ratio of C2 to propionic acid (C3) were lower (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in those on treatment 4. It is concluded that use of cassoy-urea pellet as a protein source in concentrates for cattle resulted in improvement of digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen ecology. Further research using cassoy-urea pellet in feeding trials with milking cows and fattening beef should be undertaken.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.895-900
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating wet sorghum distiller's grains (WSDG) as part of their diet on the lactating performance of dairy cows. Twenty-seven Holstein milking cows were selected, all in the early lactating stage, with an average weight of 550 kg, and producing an average of 30 kg of milk daily. The cows were divided into three groups according to milk yield and lactation and were fed different total mixed rations. The diets were formulated according to NRC (1989) recommendations in three rations to (1) control diet, (2) 15% WSDG diet and (3) 30% WSDG diet. The three different diets were all formulated as iso-nitrogen and iso-energetic diets. After one week adaptation period, the experimental feeding was conducted for 8 weeks. Three ruminal cannulated cows were also examined in order to investigate ruminal fermentation of the three total mixed rations. The results showed that the milk yield, as corrected to the 4.0% fat standard, had no significant difference among the control, 15% WSDG and 30% WSDG treatment groups (p>0.05). The daily dry matter intake of the control group was higher than the other groups (p<0.05). with respect to milk composition, milk fat, milk protein and total solids, there was no significant difference among the treatment groups (p>0.05). The energy efficiency of the 30% WSDG group were significantly higher than the other treatment groups (p<0.05). Ruminal pH value showed no difference among the treatment groups (p<0.05). Ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the control group was higher than the other treatment groups (p<0.05). The concentration of total ruminal volatile fatty acid was similar in all three dietary groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the protein sparing effect of rumen protected lysine(RPLys) and methionine hydroxyl analogue(MHA) in sheep. The treatments were $T_1$ (CP 15% + RPLys 0%), $T_2$ (CP 12% + RPLys 0%), $T_3$ (CP 12% + RPLys 0.4%) and $T_4$ (CP 12% + RPLys 0.4% + MHA 0.3%). Ruminal characteristics, in situ and in vitro digestibility and nitrogen retention rate were measured in sheep receiving different combinations of dietary supplement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Ruminal pH and VFA concentrations were not affected by the treatments. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration was high in sheep fed diets $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ with the highest value in the $T_4$ treatment(p<0.05). 2. The digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were not affected by the treatments. 3. Nitrogen losses through feces and urine were the highest with $T_1$ (p<0.05) and nitrogen retention rates of groups $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ were 18.6, 32.4, 35.5 and 27.5% of nitrogen intake, respectively, indicating that RPLys supplementation improved nitrogen retention in sheep.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

This study was conducted to utilize the wastes produced from thinning the forest as a roughage source for ruminants. Four ruminally cannulated Korean steers were used to investigate the ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood concentrations of stress-related hormones. Treatments were composed of the rice straw only (Control) and the 30% pine silage plus 70% rice straw(Pine silage) as roughages. The experiment was conducted with four replicates by a double tum over design. For sampling of blood under high temperature steers were accommodated in respiratory chamber. Concentrations of ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia were not affected by substitution of pine silage. Mean concentration of blood thyroxine was significantly(P < 0.01) lower in the pine silage than the control. However, blood cortisol concentration was not affected by substitution of pine silage, even though it was significantly(P < 0.05) decreased after exposure for 6 hrs in high temperature. It was concluded that the pine silage using the wastes produced from thinning the forest could be use as a substitute roughage for reduction of heat stress in ruminant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.695-706
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a steam chamber type on the ruminal fermentable characteristics and nutrient degradabilities of corn flakes in Hanwoo. Three Hanwoo equipped with a ruminal fistula were used as experimental animals. There were two treatments: Corn flake using a steam chamber (CFSC, 1.0 atm - $100^{\circ}C$ 96 min) or corn flake using a pressurized steam chamber (CFPSC, 1.5 atm - $111^{\circ}C$ 12 min), respectively. In the in vitro trial, the ruminal pH was significantly lower in the CFPSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). The ammonia concentration was increased by 14.1% in the CFPSC compared to the CFSC (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetic acid was higher in the CFSC than in the CFPSC (p < 0.01). The concentrations of propionate, butyrate and total-VFA at 24 and 48 h were higher in the CFPSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.05). In the in situ trial, the degradability of dry matter was significantly higher in the CFSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). In addition, the degradabilities of starch and crude protein were significantly higher in the CFSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results indicate that the pressurized steam chamber could be recommended to improve the feed value of corn flake according to the increase in the starch degradability and volatile fatty acid production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.666-673
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the level of corn dry distillers grains with solubles (CDDGS) supplementation on growing performance, blood metabolites, digestion characteristics and ruminal fermentation patterns in steers grazing dormant forage. In Exp. 1, of growth performance, 120 steers ($204{\pm}5kg$ initial body weight [BW]) were distributed randomly into 3 groups (each of 40 steers), which were provided with the following levels of CDDGS supplement: 0%, 0.25%, or 0.50% BW. All groups of steers were grazed for 30 days in each of 3 grazing periods (March, April, and May). Approximately 1,000 ha of the land was divided with electric fencing into 3 equally sized pastures (333 ha in size). Blood samples were collected monthly from 20 steers in each grazing group for analysis of glucose (G), urea-nitrogen (UN) and non-esterified fatty acids. Final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and supplement conversion (CDDGS-C) increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05).The CDDGS supplementation also increased the plasma G and UN concentrations (p<0.05). In Exp. 2, of digestive metabolism, 9 ruminally cannulated steers ($BW=350{\pm}3kg$) were distributed, following a completely randomized design, into groups of three in each pasture. The ruminally cannulated steers were provided the same levels of CDDGS supplementation as in the growing performance study (0%, 0.25%, and 0.50% BW), and they grazed along with the other 40 steers throughout the grazing periods. The dry matter intake, crude protein intake, neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), crude protein (ADCP) and neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF) increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). The ruminal degradation rates of CP (kdCP), NDF (kdNDF) and passage rate (kp) also increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and propionate concentrations also increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). However, acetate concentrations decreased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). Liquid dilution rate increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation but ruminal liquid volume decreased (p<0.05). On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that CDDGS supplementation enhanced the productive performance of cattle grazing native rangeland without negatively affecting forage intake, glucose and urea-nitrogen blood concentrations, ruminal degradation and ruminal fermentation patterns.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.962-970
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ruminal infusion of garlic oil (GO) on fermentation dynamics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and abundance of bacteria involved in biohydrogenation in the rumen. Six wethers fitted with ruminal fistula were assigned to two groups for cross-over design with a 14-d interval. Each 30-d experimental period consisted of a 27-d adaptation and a 3-d sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without (control) or with GO ruminal infusion (0.8 g/d). Ruminal contents collected before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after morning feeding were used for fermentation analysis, and 0 h samples were further used for FA determination and DNA extraction. Garlic oil had no influence on dry matter intakes of concentrate and hay. During ruminal fermentation, GO had no effects on total VFA concentration and individual VFA molar proportions, whereas GO increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein (p<0.05). Compared with control, GO group took a longer time for total VFA concentration and propionate molar proportion to reach their respective maxima after morning feeding. The ratio of acetate to propionate in control reduced sharply after morning feeding, whereas it remained relatively stable in GO group. Fatty acid analysis showed that GO reduced saturated FA proportion (p<0.05), while increasing the proportions of C18, t11-18:1 (TVA), c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA), t10,c12-CLA, and polyunsaturated FA (p<0.05). The values of TVA/(c9,t11-CLA+TVA) and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) were reduced by GO (p<0.05). Real-time PCR showed that GO tended to reduce Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus abundance (p = 0.058), whereas GO had no effect on total abundance of the Butyrivibrio group bacteria. A low correlation was found between B. proteoclasticus abundance and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) (p = 0.910). The changes of fermentation over time suggested a role of GO in delaying the fermentation process and maintaining a relatively modest change of ruminal environment. The inhibitory effects of GO on the final step of biohydrogenation may be related to its antibacterial activity against B. proteoclasticus and other unknown bacteria involved.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.511-520
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of increased levels of eugenol, thymol and malate on pH and the concentrations of VFA, lactate and ammonia-N during in vitro ruminal incubation. One Hanwoo beef steer (741 kg) fitted with a rumen cannula was used and fed 0.5 kg/day rice straw and 10 kg/day corn-based concentrate (ratio of concentrate to rice straw = 95 : 5 on DM basis). Three different doses of thymol, eugenol and malate were used. Treatments of the experiment were as follows: Treatments of thymol were control (1g D-glucose/40ml), T1 (1g D-glucose + 40 mg thymol/40 ml), T2 (1g D-glucose + 50 mg thymol/40 ml) and T3 (1g D-glucose + 60 mg thymol/40 ml). Treatments of eugenol were control (1g D-glucose/40 ml), E1 (1g D-glucose + 55 mg eugenol/40 ml), E2 (1g D-glucose + 65 mg eugenol/40 ml) and E3 (1g D-glucose + 75 mg eugenol/40 ml). Treatments of malate were control (1g D-glucose/40ml), M1 (1g D-glucose + 25 mg malate/40ml), M2 (1g D-glucose + 50 mg malate/40 ml) and M3 (1g D-glucose + 100 mg malate/40 ml). The results of this study showed that eugenol and thymol have improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH. However, it inhibited the production of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Malate also improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH, but it had a very little effect on ruminal lactate concentrations and pH. On the other hand, malate did not decrease the concentrations of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Therefore, at the low ruminal pH expected in high-concentrate diets, thymol, eugenol, and malate are potentially useful in Hanwoo finishing diets. Further studies are necessary for determining the effectiveness of these additives on in vivo rumen fermentation and animal performance in Hanwoo finishing steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.661-672
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• 1998

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a range of concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia ($NH_3$-N) on forage digestibility, microbial growth efficiency and the mix of microbial species. Urea was either continuously infused directly into the rumen of sheep fed 33.3 glh of oaten chaff (Exp. I) or sprayed onto the oaten chaff (750 g/d) given once daily (Exp. 2). Concentrations of $NH_3$-N increased with incremental addition of urea (p < 0.01). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and 24 h in sacco organic matter digestibility in the rumen were higher when supplemental urea was given (p < 0.01). The (C2 + C4) : C3 VFA ratio was lower (p < 0.05) when $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/I. The fungal sporangia appearing on oat leaf blades were significantly higher when urea was supplemented, indicating that $NH_3$-N was a growthlimiting nutrient for fungi at levels of $NH_3$-N below 30 mgN/l. The density of protozoa was highest when $NH_3$-N concentrations were adjusted to 30 mgN/I for continuously fed ($4.4{\times}10^5/ml$) and to 168 mgN/1 for once daily feeding ($2.9{\times}10^5/ml$). Thereafter increasing concentrations of $NH_3$-N, were associated with a concomitant decline in protozoal densities. At the concentration of $NH_3$-N above 200 mgN/l, the density of protozoa was similar to the density of protozoa in ruminal fluid of the control sheep ($1.8{\times}10^5/ml$). The efficiency of net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen calculated from purine excretion was 17-47% higher when the level of $NH_3$-N was above 200 mgN/1. The possibilities are that 1) there is less bacterial cell lysis in the rumen because of the concomitant decrease in the protozoal pool and/or 2) microbial growth per se in the rumen is more efficient with increasing $NH_3$-N concentrations.