• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.621-632
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation with rumen-protected γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on carcass characteristics and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Methods: Eighteen Hanwoo steers with an average initial weight of 644.83±12.91 kg were randomly allocated into three different groups. Each group consisted of 6 animals that were treated with different diets formulated based on the animals' body weights. The control (C) group was fed a basal diet consisting of concentrate and rice straw with 74% total digestible nutrients (TDNs) and 12% crude protein (CP). The two other groups were treatment groups; one group was fed a basal diet (74% TDNs and 12% CP) supplemented with rumen-protected GABA at a dose of 150 mg/kg feed, and the other group was fed a basal diet (74% TDNs and 12% CP) supplemented with GABA at a dose of 300 mg/kg feed. Results: The GABA supplementation significantly contributed to better growth performance (p<0.05), especially the weight gain and average daily gain. It also contributed to the lower cooking loss (p<0.05), improvements in essential antioxidant enzymes and stable regulation of antioxidant activities in the longissimus lumborum of Hanwoo steers, as represented by the lower formation of malondialdehyde content within the meat, the inhibition of myoglobin oxidation indicated by the retention of the oxymyoglobin percentage, and the suppression of metmyoglobin percentage during cold storage (p<0.05). Conclusion: Higher doses of GABA may not significantly promote better animal performance and meat quality, suggesting that dietary supplementation with GABA at a dose of 100 ppm is sufficient to improve the meat quality of Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.537-543
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• 1999

Whole horse beans (Vicia faba cv. Alfred) (WHB) were pressure toasted at different temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 minutes in order to determine an optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch (BPSt) as glucose source which is usually limiting nutrient in highly producing dairy cows in the Netherlands. Starch (St) Ruminal Degradative Kinetics and Fermentation Characteristics of (SRDC) of WHB were determined using in sacco technique in 4 lactating dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy cow requirements. Measured characteristics of St were soluble fraction (S), potentially degradable fraction (D) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass starch (BPSt) was calculated according to the Dutch new feed evaluation system: the DVE/OEB system. Pressure toasting temperatures significantly affected starch gelatinization (p<0.01). Degradability of Starch in the rumen was highly reduced by pressure toasting (p<0.01). S varied from 58.2% in the raw WHB (RWHB as a control) to 19.6% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). D varied from 41.8% in RWHB to 80.5% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. D fraction was enormously increased with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). Kd varied from 4.9%h in RWHB to 3.4%/h in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. All these effects resulted in increasing %BPSt from 29.0% in RWHB to 53.1% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. Therefore BPSt increased from 93.5 g/kg in RWHB to 173.5 g/kg in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. The effects of pressure toasting on %BPSt and BPSt seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal pressure toasting conditions could be determined at this stage. But among 10 treatments, The treatment of $136^{\circ}C/15min$was the best with the highest BPSt content. It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to small intestine to increase bypass starch.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2013

Sources of energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) have been used to meet nutrient requirements for high producing dairy cows. However studies for manipulation the levels of energy and RUP in diets have been mainly achieved using dairy cows at early-lactation period. The objective of this study thus, was to investigate the effects of different energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) levels on dry matter intake and milk yield in Holstein cows at mid-lactation period. Basal diet was prepared as TMR to meet nutrient requirements for dairy cows at mid-lactation according to NRC recommendation. Cows of control group (Con) were fed only basal diets while ground corn (0.5 kg/d), heat-treated soybean meal (0.5 kg/d), and their mixture (0.25 kg of each supplements/d) were added to diets for cows of treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3 respectively) to modulate the level of energy and RUP contents in diets. Addition of energy or RUP source in basal TMR did not affect in total DMI while TMR intake tended to be higher in Con compared to T3. Cows fed T3 diets tended to show increased milk yield and MUN content than those of Con. Cows for T2 as well as T3 had lower ADG (P<0.05) compared with those of Con. We concluded that the addition of RUP source in diets for dairy cows on mid-lactation period might cause the decrement of DMI and ADG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.213-217
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• 1995

Leucaena leucocephala (lam. de Wit) is a multipurpose leguminous tree/shrub, promoted extensively for reforestation and rural development programmes, as well as in ruminant production. After a year of establishment in the plots, the overall leaves and twigs yield was on average 0.92 kg/plant, containing an average 23.34, 10.61, 5.32 and 10.13 percent CP, CF, and ash, respectively. The proximate and mineral compositions are affected by factors such as stage of maturity, type of cultivar, seasons, cutting intervals, different plant parts. Though leucaena contains toxic mimosine and tannins, these are not always deleterious for ruminants and rumen microbes can often degrade toxic factors into a nontoxic utilizable product Mimosine content is generally higher in the seed than other plant parts. Leucaena supplementation in ruminant ration showed higher digestibility co-efficient of proximate component, which may results in higher productivity. Considering its productivity, composition and nutritive value. L. Leucocephala could be more widely used as a protein source for ruminants in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권
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• pp.18-28
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• 1984

In order to improve feed values of Korean agricultural by-products, various treatments including physical, chemical, physicochemical and fermentation were suggested in th is review article. Physical treatments such as chopping, grinding and pelleting reduce partiole size of agricultural by-products, and increase passage rate from the rumen, thus may increase voluntary feed intake and weight gain. Digestibility and voluntary feed intake of straw, rice hull and sawdust, also, may be increased by chemical treatment using sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Especially, because nitrogen content of by-products increase and toxic problem is not posed by ammonia treatment, it's practical usage is recommended in Korea. Silage or fermentation treatment using principles of microbial fermentation may improve palatability of low quality by-products. As mentioned above, it is concluded that various treatments suggested are desirable and improve feed value but may raise several problems. Unfortunately, because cost for installation and products is great and processing work is complicate, farmers are not using well these processing methods until now. Therefore, in order to increase the practical usage at farm level, it is thought that many research works be achieved for efficient process which have simple operation and low installation cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1133-1136
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• 2000

Wheat straw was treated with 4 per cent urea at a moisture level of 50 per cent alongwith different levels of boric acid viz. 1, 2, 3 and 4 per cent, under laboratory conditions to know the impact of boric acid on ammonia-N fixation in the straw. Murrah buffaloes were used for determining the disappearance of dry matter, CP and fibre constituents by nylon bag technique. Ammoniation increased CP content of wheat straw, which increased further due to addition of boric acid. Low level of boric acid (1%) had no adverse effect on fibre constituents disappearance but at higher levels there was a depressioon in the disappearance of fibre coonstituents. It can be concluded that low level of boric acid was sufficient to trap the excess ammonia released during urea ammoniation of wheat straw without affecting other constituents and their disappearance in the rumen of buffaloes.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2012

밤의 가공과정에서 임업 부산물로 생산되는 율피(밤껍질)는 밤 생산량의 50%를 차지하며, 사료비 저감을 위한 반추동물의 사료원으로서 이용 가능성이 있으나 이에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 밤의 가공 부산물인 1, 2차 율피의 반추동물용 사료로서의 영양적 가치와 반추위 발효 특성을 분석하기 하기 위해 1, 2차 율피의 영양소를 분석하고, 48시간 동안 in vitro 반추위 발효 실험을 실시하여 율피의 첨가 수준에 따른 in vitro 반추위 건물 소화율 및 가스 발생량을 측정하였다. In vitro 실험의 기본 사료로는 시중에서 판매되는 유산양 TMR을 이용했으며, 기본 사료와 1차 율피 및 2차 율피의 비율을 달리하여 13개의 처리구로 실험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 2차 율피 100%, 1차 율피 100%, 2차 율피와 1차 율피의 1:1 혼합구, TMR 100% 및 TMR을 2차 율피, 1차 율피 또는 1, 2차 율피 혼합으로 각각 5%, 10%, 15% 대체한 처리구이다. 율피의 일반 성분분석에서 1차 율피는 2차 율피에 비해 섬유소(NDF, ADF, 리그닌) 함량이 전체적으로 높고 이에 따라 비섬유소탄수 화물의 함량은 낮으나, 그 외의 영양소에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. In vitro 반추위 건물 소화율은 유의적으로(p<0.05) 2차 율피(71.97%)가 가장 높았고, 1차 율피(42.80%)가 가장 낮았다. 2차 율피의 첨가 수준이 증가됨에 따라 건물소화율은 변화가 없었으며, 1차 율피의 첨가에 따라서는 소화율이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 가스 발생량은 2차 율피 처리구에서 48시간 가스 발생량 및 발생 속도가 가장 높았고, 1차 율피 처리구에서 가장 낮았으며, TMR을 율피로 15%까지 대체하였을 때 가스 발생량의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. pH 또한 유의적으로(p<0.05) 2차 율피(6.33)에서 가장 낮았고, 1차 율피(6.50)에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 2차 율피는 반추동물의 사료 자원으로서 이용가치가 충분히 있으며, 1차 율피의 경우 상대적으로 사료가치가 떨어지나 조사료를 일부 대체하는 것은 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 하지만, 율피의 사료 가치를 보다 올바로 평가하기 위해서는 동물을 이용한 in vivo 대사, 소화, 성장 및 기호성 실험이 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2003

본 연구는 유우의 생산성 향상을 위하여 유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가하여 반추위내 발효 성상과 비유중인 젖소의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. In vitro 실험을 통하여 NDF 함량 수준이 다른 TMR 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 3가지 수준(0, 0.05, 0.1%)으로 달리하여 첨가하였을 때 나타난 NDF 소화율은 효소 첨가시 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 NDF 수준별로는 NDF 38 및 43% 수준보다 NDF 34% 수준에서 NDF 소화율이 낮은 경향을 나타내었는데 이는 본 시험 사료의 조성 성분으로 보아 NDF 성분 구성상 hemicellulose 함량이 높아 이 점이 반추위내 NDF 소화율에 영향을 주었다고 사료된다. 반추위액의 pH는 fibrolytic enzyme의 첨가 수준에 의한 영향보다는 NDF 수준에 의해 영향을 더 받은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.001) NH3-N 생성도 전체적으로 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 효과가 나타나지 않았다. Acetic acid의 생성량은 NDF 수준에 의해 유의한 영향을 받았으나 (P<0.05) propionic acid의 생성량은 처리구간에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Acetic acid와 propionic acid 생성량 모두 효소 첨가에 의한 영향은 유의하게 나타나지 않았고 A/P ratio는 NDF 34% 수준의 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구에서 무첨가구에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. CMCase의 효소 활성은 NDF 34 및 43% 수준에서 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구(0.05, 0.1%)가 무첨가구에 비해 높은 효소 활성을 보였다. Xylanase의 효소 활성은 배양 개시 후 0시간대부터 12시간대까지는 효소 활성이 완만히 감소하였고 24시간 이후부터는 급격히 감소하였다. In vivo 실험을 이용하여 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 착유우의 생산성 변화 결과는 다음과 같다. Fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 의한 산유량은 enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구에서 각각 25.80 및 23.90kg/d로서 enzyme 첨가구에서 약 8% (1.90kg/d) 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 유지방 및 유단백 함량의 경우는 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구간 차이가 없었으나 일일 생산량으로 환산하여 평가하면 enzyme 첨가시 유성분 생산량이 유의하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다 (P<0.01). 이상의 결과들로 볼 때, in vitro 실험의 경우 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가시 반추위내 발효성상에 명확한 변화를 보여주지 못했지만 enzyme 첨가에 따라 전반적으로 NDF 소화율이 다소나마 증가하는 경향을 보였다. In vivo 실험 결과를 종합하면 착유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가시 유성분의 변화보다 유량의 증가 효과가 나타났으며 이는, 사료섭취량을 제한한 본 실험의 특성상, 사료섭취량 증진 효과가 아니라 체내 영양소 이용성 증진에 따르는 효과라고 판단되었다. 반추동물의 생산성 향상을 위한 방안으로서 fibrolytic enzyme 이용 효과는 연구자에 따라 다양한 결과를 나타내므로 효소의 적용 방법에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2005

A study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutritive value of some browse species from Kenya. The species evaluated included: Bauhinia alba, Bauhinia variegata, Bridelia micrantha, Calliandra calothyrsus, Carisa edulis, Cratylia argentea, Gliricidia sepium, Lantana camara, Maerua angolensis, Sesbania micrantha and S. sesban. The browses were evaluated by their chemical composition including phenolics, in vitro gas production and tannin activity (tannin bioassay). All the species had high crude protein content (149-268 g/kg DM) and low NDF content (239-549 g/kg DM). The feeds had varying contents of total extractable tannins (TET) ranging from low (3-22 mg/g DM), moderate (42-58 mg/g DM) and high (77-152 mg/g DM). Calliandra calothyrsus had the highest tannin content. Significant (p<0.05) variation in gas production was recorded among the species. Sesbania micrantha had the highest (p<0.05) potential gas production while Gliricidia sepium had the highest (p<0.05) rate of gas production. Use of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), to assess the adverse affect of tannins, indicated that tannins in browse species with high tannin content had inhibitory effects on rumen microbial fermentation as indicated by the gas production. Estimated organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased with PEG addition. The results of this study indicate that such Kenyan browse species have the potential to be used as feed supplements for ruminant animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2012

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of HMBi on the production performance and metabolism in dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows under similar conditions were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments; i) Control, a basal diet; ii) T1, a basal diet plus HMBi (0 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum); and iii) T2, a basal diet plus HMBi (10 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum). Treatments were initiated 21 d before expected calving and continued through 91 d postpartum. HMBi was top-dressed onto the total mixed ration of each cow. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake, plasma urea nitrogen, peak milk yield, days to peak milk yield, nonesterified fatty acid, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxalaetic transaminase, milk fat content, milk protein content, milk lactose content, and milk solid non-fat content. The milk composition yields were increased by the HMBi-supplemented treatment. The T1 and T2 treatments increased the yields of 4% fat-corrected milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and milk lactose compared with the control. Although there was no difference in the milk composition of the control and T2-treated cows, the T2-treated cows exhibited higher milk fat yield (increased by 74 g/d), lower milk urea nitrogen (reduced by 3.41%), and plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxy butyrate than the control cows. The results indicate that HMBi supplementation to diet has beneficial effects, and that there is no difference between supplementation at prepartum and starting only at parturition.