• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.229-233
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• 2006

기계번역(Machine Translaton, MT), 다국어 정보 검색, 의미 정보 검색 등에 대한 연구는 시소러스, 지식베이스, 사전 검색, 의미망, 코퍼스등과 같은 다양한 방법으로 이루어지고 있다. 시맨틱 웹이 등장과 시맨틱 웹 기반 기술의 발전에 따라 위 연구들을 시맨틱 웹에 적용시킬 필요성도 제안되었다. 특히 한국어 시소러스, 워드넷(WordNet), 전자 세종 사전, 가도까와(Kadokawa) 시소러스와 같은 지식베이스가 개발되었으나 활용 분야에 따라 그 구축 방법론이 다르게 적용되어, 위 연구에 효과적으로 통용될 수 있는 지식베이스는 실질적으로 구축되지 못한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 세종 사전과 가도까와 시소러스, 한/일 기계 번역 사전 그리고 전문 용어 사전을 기반으로 한국어와 일본어 지식베이스를 위한 사전 온톨로지 서버를 정의하여 의미 정보를 구성하고, Semantic Web Rule Markup Language (이하 SWRL)을 이용해 구문 정보 규칙을 정의한다. 그리고 SWRL 기반 정방향 추론 엔진을 이용하여 번역에 필요한 추론 엔진을 구성하고 문장 구문형성 규칙 추론 엔진을 통해 사용자에게 한국어와 일본어의 문장 구성 변환을 제공한다. 본 연구는 현재 기계 번역이 갖고 있는 다의성, 술부 어순의 차이, 경어체 등 아직 해결해야 할 많은 부분들에 대한 해결 방안으로서 시맨틱 웹 기반 기술과의 활용방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.33.1-33.1
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• 2018

pH is expressed mathematically as $pH=-{\log}[H^+]$, is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, [$H^+$] to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. The pH scale usually ranges from 0 to 14. Every aqueous solution can be measured to determine its pH value. The pH values below 7.0 express the acidity, above 7.0 are alkalinity and pH 7.0 is a neutral solution. The solution pH can be determined by indicator or by measurement using pH sensor, which measuring the voltage generated between a glass electrode and a reference electrode according to the Nernst Equation. The pH value of solutions depends on the temperature and the activity of contained ions. In nickel electroless plating process, the controlled pH value in some limited ranges are extremely important to achieve optimal deposition rate, phosphorus content as well as solution stability. Basically, nickel electroless plating solution contains of $Ni^{2+}ions$, reducing agent, buffer and complexing agents. The plating processes are normally carried out at $82-92^{\circ}C$. However, the change of its pH values with temperatures does not follow any rule. Thus, the purpose of study is to understand the relationship between pH and temperature of some based solutions and electroless nickel plating solutions. The change of pH with changing temperatures is explained by view of the thermal dynamic and the practical measurements.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.153-177
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• 2001

Nowadays, product recommendation is one of the important issues regarding both CRM and Internet shopping mall. Generally, a recommendation system tracks past actions of a group of users to make a recommendation to individual members of the group. The computer-mediated marketing and commerce have grown rapidly and thereby automatic recommendation methodologies have got great attentions. But the researches and commercial tools for product recommendation so far, still have many aspects that merit further considerations. To supplement those aspects, we devise a recommendation methodology by which we can get further recommendation effectiveness when applied to Internet shopping mall. The suggested methodology is based on web log information, product taxonomy, association rule mining, and decision tree learning. To implement this we also design and intelligent Internet shopping mall support system based on agent technology and develop it as a prototype system. We applied this methodology and the prototype system to a leading Korean Internet shopping mall and provide some experimental results. Through the experiment, we found that the suggested methodology can perform recommendation tasks both effectively and efficiently in real world problems. Its systematic validity issues are also discussed.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-96
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• 2008

Arbitration is fundamentally a matter of contract, whereby contractual parties may only be required to submit a dispute to arbitration pursuant to their formal agreement. However, there are several important exceptions to this rule that have developed under common law notions of implied consent. These doctrines may serve either to benefit or to harm a nonsignatory to an arbitral agreement because either (1) the nonsignatory may compel a signatory to the agreement to arbitrate a dispute or (2) the nonsignatory may be compelled to arbitrate a dispute despite never having signed an arbitration agreement. The Court has a long-standing domestic policy of favoring arbitration, and these doctrines reflect that policy. 1. incorporation by reference An arbitration clause may apply to a party who is a nonsignatory to one agreement containing an arbitration clause but who is a signatory to a second agreement that incorporates the terms of the first agreement. 2. assumption An arbitration clause may apply to a nonsignatory who has impliedly agreed to arbitrate. Under this theory, the nonsignatory's conduct is a determinative factor. For example, a nonsignatory who voluntarily begins arbitrating the merits of a dispute before an arbitral tribunal may be bound by the arbitrator's ruling on that dispute even though the nonsignatory was not initially required to arbitrate the dispute. 3. agency A nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement may be bound to arbitrate a dispute stemming from that agreement under the traditional laws of agency. A principal may also be bound to arbitrate a claim based on an agreement containing an arbitration clause signed by the agent. The agent, however, does not generally become individually bound by executing such an agreement on behalf of a disclosed principal unless there is clear evidence that the agent intended to be bound. 4. veil piercing/alter ego In the corporate context, a nonsignatory corporation to an arbitration agreement may be bound by that agreement if the agreement is signed by its parent, subsidiary, or affiliate. 5. estoppel The doctrine of equitable estoppel is usually applied by nonsignatory defendants who wish to compel signatory plaintiffs to arbitrate a dispute. This will generally be permitted when (1) the signatory must rely on the terms of the contract in support of its claims against the nonsignatory, or (2) the signatory alleges that it and the nonsignatory engaged in interdependent misconduct that is intertwined with the obligations imposed by the contract. Therefore, this article analyzed these doctrines centering around case-law in America.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.181-201
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• 2006

As the Internet spreads, many people have interests in e-CRM and product recommender systems, one of e-CRM applications. Among various approaches for recommendation, collaborative filtering and content-based approaches have been investigated and applied widely. Despite their popularity, traditional recommendation approaches have some limitations. They require at least one purchase transaction per user. In addition, they don't utilize much information such as demographic and specific personal profile information. This study suggests new hybrid recommendation model using two data mining techniques, association rule and classification, as well as intelligent agent to overcome these limitations. To validate the usefulness of the model, it was applied to the real case and the prototype web site was developed. We assessed the usefulness of the suggested recommendation model through online survey. The result of the survey showed that the information of the recommendation was generally useful to the survey participants.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2010

This paper introduces the concept of a virtual ecosystem and reports the following three mathematical approaches that could be widely used to construct such an ecosystem, along with examples: (1) a molecular dynamics simulation approach for animal flocking behavior, (2) a stochastic lattice model approach for termite colony behavior, and (3) a rule-based cellular automata approach for biofilm growth. The ecosystem considered in this study consists of artificial organisms and their environment. Each organism in the ecosystem is an agent that interacts autonomously with the dynamic environment, including the other organisms within it. The three types of model were successful to account for each corresponding ecosystem. In order to accurately mimic a natural ecosystem, a virtual ecosystem needs to take many ecological variables into account. However, doing so is likely to introduce excess complexity and nonlinearity in the analysis of the virtual ecosystem's dynamics. Nonetheless, the development of a virtual ecosystem is important, because it can provide possible explanations for various phenomena such as environmental disturbances and disasters, and can also give insights into ecological functions from an individual to a community level from a synthetic viewpoint. As an example of how lower and higher levels in an ecosystem can be connected, this paper also briefly discusses the application of the second model to the simulation of a termite ecosystem and the influence of climate change on the termite ecosystem.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.345-352
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• 2002

무선 인터넷을 이용하는 사용자는 정보의 양의 따른 시간적 통신비용의 증가 문제로 개인화 에이전트가 사용자의 관심에 따라 서비스를 제공하는 기능과 맞춤화된 정보를 제공하는 기능, 지식 기반 방식으로 정보를 예측하는 기능을 가지기를 바라고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 무선 인터넷을 사용하는 사용자를 위한 PDA 개인화 에이전트 시스템을 구축하고자 한다. PDA 개인화 에이전트 시스템 구축을 위해 프로파일 기반의 에이전트 엔진과 사용자 프로파일을 이용한 지식기반 방식을 사용한다. 사용자가 웹페이지에서 행하는 행위들을 모니터링하여 사용자가 관심 가지는 문서를 파악하고 정보 검색을 통해 얻어진 문서를 분석하여 사용자 각각의 관심 문서로 나누어 서비스하게 된다. 모니터링 되어진 문서를 효과적으로 분석하기 위해 unsupervised clustering 기계학습 방식인 Cobweb을 이용한다. unsupervised 기계 학습은 conceptual 방식을 이용하여 검색되어진 정보를 사용자의 관심 분야별로 clustering한다. 클러스터링을 통해 얻어진 결과를 다시 기계학습을 통해 사용자 관심문서에 대한 프로파일을 생성하게 된다. 이렇게 만들어진 프로파일을 룰(Rule)로 만들어 이를 기반으로 사용자에게 서비스하게 된다. 이러한 룰은 사용자의 모니터링 결과로 얻어지기 때문에 주기적으로 업데이트하게 된다. 제안하는 시스템은 인터넷신문이나 웹진 등에서 사용자들에게 뉴스를 전달하기 위한 목적으로 생성하는 뉴스문서를 특정 대상으로 선정하였고 사용자 정보를 이용한 검색을 실시하고 결과로 얻어진 정보를 정보 분류를 통해 PDA나 휴대폰을 통해 사용자에게 제공한다. 상품을 검색하기 위한 검색노력을 줄이고, 검색된 대안들로부터 구매자와 시스템이 웹상에서 서로 상호작용(interactivity) 하여 해를 찾고, 제약조건과 규칙들에 의해 적합한 해를 찾아가는 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문은 구성기반 예로서 컴퓨터 부품조립을 사용해서 Template-based reasoning 예를 보인다 본 방법론은 검색노력을 줄이고, 검색에 있어 Feasibility와 Admissibility를 보장한다.매김할 수 있는 중요한 계기가 될 것이다.재무/비재무적 지표를 고려한 인공신경망기법의 예측적중률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 로지스틱회귀 분석의 재무적 지표모형은 훈련, 시험용이 84.45%, 85.10%인 반면, 재무/비재무적 지표모형은 84.45%, 85.08%로서 거의 동일한 예측적중률을 가졌으나 인공신경망기법 분석에서는 재무적 지표모형이 92.23%, 85.10%인 반면, 재무/비재무적 지표모형에서는 91.12%, 88.06%로서 향상된 예측적중률을 나타내었다.ting LMS according to increasing the step-size parameter $\mu$ in the experimentally computed. learning curve. Also we find that convergence speed of proposed algorithm is increased by (B+1) time proportional to B which B is the number of recycled data buffer without complexity of compu

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-102
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• 2014

A parallel importation is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. It is caused by price differences between countries. Therefore parallel importation are implication in issues of international trade and intellectual property rights(hereafter referred as IPR). This paper provides parallel importation issues of Korea and China under the IPR laws such as patent, trademarks, copyright and analyzes difference between two countries. In China, patent law regulates exhaustion rights which is based theory of a parallel import for the first time unlike trademark law and copyright law. On the other hands, Korea rules parallel importing under Korean customs regulations. In conclusion, two countries have no provisions that advocate a parallel import under IPR laws. This paper suggests some improvements to overcome the limitation of current regulation system and avoid trade friction between two countries. First of all, two countries should clearly make a rule about parallel import in IPR law such as definition of parallel importation, genuine goods, permission conditions, importing proses, penalty and remedy etc. Secondly, two countries should prohibit an abuse of a exclusive import agent's rights and manage a parallel importer not to cause consumer's complain about goods to expansion parallel imports. Finally, two countries should cooperate not to cause disputes about this issue with a communication channel.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2015

The theory of landscape architecture applies environmental ethics in order to secure an ecological status. However, environmental ethics that focus on nature conservation excludes landscape architecture as artifacts. In the process, it is hard to identify what landscape architecture insists on as the middle position between humans and nature. Rather, landscape architecture pretends to be an 'agent of nature' and pushes the traditional moral values 'for people.' Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reestablish the anthropocentrism moral position of landscape architecture through critical analysis. Hargrove's weak anthropocentrism' of several environmental ethics branches accepts natural aesthetics(such as landscape architecture) as an ethical virtue. But environmental ethics makes landscape architecture a critical target. For that reason, this study looked into critical contents and objects that in a position to moral, aesthetic and landscape architecture. Critical details are as follows: First, nature is an absolute as an aesthetic and moral value, but landscape architecture is an imitation and takes a relaxed attitude about nature. Second, nature is full of aesthetic substance because it is self-creative, but landscape architecture is designed nature covered human flaws through imagination. Third, environmental management granting techniques in nature generate a moral nihilism. As an argument, environmental ethics overlooked the moral practices of landscape architecture beyond nature another moral aspect of creation and the imagination-and moral aspects of environmental management as 'care' because they rule out 'moral autonomy' and simplify what is considered 'good.' As a result, conservation cannot be the only virtue why the problem of nature in reality cannot be separated from human life. The moral position of landscape architecture based on a 'good life' is more appropriate under anthropocentrism than as a middle position.