• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.267-273
• /
• 2019

Wheel bearings are important automotive parts that bear the vehicle weight and translate rotation motion; in addition, their seals are components that prevent grease leakage and foreign material from entering from the outside of the bearings. Recently, as the need for electric vehicles and eco-friendly vehicles has been emerging, the reduction in fuel consumption and $CO_2$ emissions are becoming the most important issues for automobile manufacturers. In the case of wheel bearings, seals are a key part of drag torque. In this study, we investigate the prediction of the drag torque taking into consideration the hyperelastic and viscoelastic material properties of automotive wheel bearing seals. Numerical analysis based on the finite element method is conducted for the deformation analyses of the seals. To improve the reliability of the rubber seal analysis, three types of rubber material properties are considered, and analysis is conducted using the hyperelastic material properties. Viscoelastic material property tests are also conducted. Deformation analysis considering the hyperelastic and viscoelastic material properties is performed, and the effects of the viscoelastic material properties are compared with the results obtained by the consideration of the hyperelastic material properties. As a result of these analyses, the drag torque is 0.29 Nm when the hyperelastic characteristics are taken into account, and the drag torque is 0.27 Nm when both the hyperelastic and viscoelastic characteristics are taken into account. Therefore, it is determined that the analysis considering both hyperelastic and viscoelastic characteristics must be performed because of its reliability in predicting the drag torque of the rubber seals.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.311-319
• /
• 2019

The number of aged bridges is increasing so that bridges over 30 years old account for about 11% of all bridges. Consequently, the development of a seismic performance evaluation method that considers the effects of ageing is essential for a seismic retrofitting process for improvement of the seismic safety of existing old bridges. Assessment of the damage situation of bridges after the recent earthquakes in Korea has been limited to the bearings, anchor, and concrete mortar on piers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic responses of PSC box girder bridges by considering the ageing effect of rubber bearings (RBs) and lead-rubber bearings (LRBs). The modification factor proposed by AASHTO is used to take into account the ageing effect in the bearings. PSC box girder bridges with RBs and LRBs were 3D modeled and analyzed with the OpenSEES program. In order to evaluate the ageing effect of RBs and LRBs, 40 near fault and 40 far field records were used as the input earthquakes. When considering the effect of ageing, the displacement responses and shear forces of bridge bearings (RBs and LRBs) were found to increase mostly under the analytical conditions. It was shown that the effect of ageing is greater in the case of RBs than in the case of LRBs.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.321-328
• /
• 2006

The paper describes the testing facilities and the methodology on testing of laminated rubber bearings envisaged for application in the system of Dynamic Damper (DD) of seismic isolated buildings, as well as the obtained results. For the first time in Armenia laminated rubber bearings were tested simultaneously under the action of horizontal shear force and vertical tension force. The test results have proven the possibility of using rubber bearings as elements subjected to tension due to action of the mass of DD. Also it was confirmed that the suggested structural concept of DD for reducing the displacements and shear forces of seismic isolation systems will have reliable behavior during the design level earthquakes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.761-783
• /
• 2006

The enlargement of interest in base isolators as an earthquake-proof design strategy has dramatically accelerated experimental studies of elastomeric bearings worldwide. In this paper, a new base isolator concept that is a hybrid system of rubber bearings is proposed. Uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial shaking table tests are also performed to study the seismic behavior of a 0.4-scale three-story isolated steel structure in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan. Experimental results demonstrate that structures with a hybrid system of rubber bearings composed of stirruped rubber bearings and laminated rubber bearings can actually decrease the seismic responses of the superstructure. It has been proved through the shaking table tests that the proposed hybrid system of rubber bearings is a very promising tool to enhance the seismic resistance of structures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed analytical model in this paper can predict the mechanical behavior of the hybrid system of rubber bearings and seismic responses of the base-isolated structures.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제30권5A호
• /
• pp.417-424
• /
• 2010

격리장치로서 적층고무받침의 동적 특성은 고무 열 노화로 인한 미세 구조의 변화로 인해 악화 될 수 있다. 그 결과, 예기치 못한 지진의 발생으로 교량이나 건물들은 치명적이 손상을 입게 된다. 여기서, 적층 고무받침의 동적특성은 압축-전단하중 및 반복하중, 극한파괴시험은 열 노화 전 후에 시험하여 상호 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 적층고무받침에서의 열 노화 현상은 전단강성과 에너지의 감쇠 그리고 등가감소계수에 영향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 적층고무받침의 열 노화에 의한 동적특성의 저하를 의미하고, 적층고무받침 설계시 고려해야할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.600-606
• /
• 2019

Studies on the application of the lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolation system to nuclear power plants are being carried out as one of the measures to improve seismic performance. Nuclear power plants with isolation systems require seismic probabilistic safety assessments, for which the seismic fragility of the structures, systems, and components needs be calculated, including for beyond design basis earthquakes. To this end, seismic response analyses are required, where it can be seen that the behaviors of the isolation system components govern the overall seismic response of an isolated plant. The numerical model of the LRB used in these seismic response analyses plays an important role, but in most cases, the extreme performance of the LRB has not been well studied. The current work therefore develops an extreme nonlinear numerical model that can express the seismic response of the LRB for beyond design basis earthquakes. A full-scale LRB was fabricated and dynamically tested with various input conditions, and test results confirmed that the developed numerical model better represents the behavior of the LRB over previous models. Subsequent seismic response analyses of isolated nuclear power plants using the model developed here are expected to provide more accurate results for seismic probabilistic safety assessments.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 2013

면진장치는 상부구조물의 지진력을 감소시키는데 크게 기여하지만, 고감쇠고무 적층받침에 사용되는 고무재료는 시간이 경과함에 따라 열화되어 상부구조물의 동특성과 기기들의 지진응답에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 면진장치의 경년열화를 고려한 구조물의 지진응답을 분석하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 문헌을 통하여 분석된 고무의 경년열화 특성을 사용하여 면진장치를 모델링하였다. 면진된 원전의 지진응답을 평가하기 위하여 격납건물과 보조건물을 대상 구조물로 선정하고, 진동수 성분이 다양한 입력지진동을 사용하여 구조물의 고유진동수, 최대지진응답, 층응답스펙트럼을 시간의 경과에 따라 분석하였다. 해석결과에 의하면 면진장치의 경년열화에 의하여 지진응답이 소폭 증가하였으며, 면진장치가 설치된 후 20년까지 지진응답의 증가율이 크게 나타나므로 이 기간에 상세한 검사가 시행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2008년도 정기 학술대회
• /
• pp.374-379
• /
• 2008

The purpose of seismic isolation system among them is to lengthen the period of structure and make its period shift from the dominant period of earthquake. In this study, the seismic behavior of arch structure with lead rubber bearing(LRB) and friction pendulum system(FPS) is analyzed. The arch structure is the simplest structure and has the basic dynamic characteristics among large spatial structures. Also, Large spatial structures have large vertical response by horizontal seismic vibration, unlike seismic behavior of normal rahmen structures. When horizontal seismic load is applied to the large spatial structure with isolation systems, the horizontal acceleration response of the large spatial structure is reduced and the vertical seismic response is remarkably reduced.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지진공학회 2002년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2002

In this paper, the characteristic dependencies of LRB(lead rubber bearing) were studied by various prototype tests on LRB for buildings. The characteristics of LRB were dependent on displacements, repeated cycles, frequencies, vertical pressures and temperatures. The prototype test showed that the displacement was the most governing factor influencing on characteristics of LRB. The effective stiffness and equivalent damping of LRB were decreased with large displacement, and increased with high frequency. After the repeated cyclic test with 50 cycles, the effective stiffness and equivalent damping of LRB were reduced by approximately 20% compared with those of the 1$^{st}$ cycle. The effective stiffness was decreased with high vertical pressure, while the equivalent damping was increased. In which, the equivalent damping was more dependent on the vertical pressure than the effective stiffness.s.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.399-410
• /
• 2011

Base isolation, having quite simple contents, aims to protect the buildings from earthquake-induced damages by installing structural components having low horizontal stiffness between substructure and superstructure. In this study, an appropriate base isolation system for 2-D reinforced concrete frame is investigated. For different structural heights, the structural systems of 2, 3 and 4 bays are modeled by applying base isolation systems and results are compared with conventional structural systems. 1999 Marmara earthquake data is used for applying the model by time history method in SAP2000 package. Results of various parameters such as base shear force, structure drift ratio, structure period and superstructure acceleration are discussed for all models.