• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.921-928
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• 2007

Three different phosphonated trisbipyridine ruthenium complexes, [(4-CH3-4'-CH2PO(OH)2-2,2'-bipyridine)- (bpy)2Ru]·(PF6)2 (Ru-P1), [(4-CH3-4'-CH2PO(OH)2-2,2'-bipyridine)3Ru]·(PF6)2 (Ru-P2), and [(4,4'-CH2PO- (OH)2-2,2'-bipyridine)3Ru]·(PF6)2 (Ru-P3) were synthesized and their photochemical and electrochemical properties were studied. These ruthenium complexes were strongly adsorbed on the surface of the layered metal oxide semiconductor K4Nb6O17 that was partially acid-exchanged and sensitized up to pH 10, while the carboxylated ruthenium complex, (4,4'-COOH-2,2'-bipyridine)3Ru·Cl2 (Ru-C) that was previously studied was sensitized only below pH 4. The visible light water reduction at K4Nb6O17 that was internally platinized and sensitized by these phosphonated Ru-complexes was comparatively studied using a reversible electron donor iodide.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.2139-2152
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• 2007

Ruthenium complex-catalyzed reactions often require highly qualified tuning of reaction conditions with substrates to attain high yield and selectivity of the products. In this review, our strategies for achieving characteristic ruthenium complex-catalyzed co-oligomerization of different alkenes are disclosed: 1) The codimerization of 2-norbornenes with acrylic compounds by new ruthenium catalyst systems of RuCl3(tpy)/Zn [tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine] or [RuCl2(η6-C6H6)]2/Zn in alcohols, 2) A novel synthesis of 2-alkylidenetetrahydrofurans from dihydrofurans and acrylates by zerovalent ruthenium catalysts, such as Ru(η4-cod)(η6-cot) [cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, cot = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene] and Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2 [dmfm = dimethyl fumarate], 3) Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of enamides by Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2-catalyzed codimerization of N-vinylamides with alkenes, and 4) Unusual head-to-head dimerization of styrenes and linear codimerization of styrenes with ethylene by Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2 catalyst in the presence of primary alcohols.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.199.2-199.2
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• 2014

Titanium과 Ruthenium의 비율(Ru/Ti = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07)을 조절하여 Ruthenium이 도입된 산화타이타늄($TiO_2$)를 수열합성법을 이용하여 합성하였다. TEM 이미지를 통하여 네모난 형태의 나노입자를 확인하였으며 XRD 패턴과 ICP 원소 분석을 통하여 Anatase 형태와 각각 다른 양의 Ruthenium이 도입된 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 Ruthenium이 도입된 산화타이타늄을 이종상촉매로 사용하여 Benzyl alcohol 및 Benzyl amine의 산화반응에 적용하였으며 특히, Ru/Ti = 0.03인 촉매가 가장 우수한 활성을 보였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.191-197
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• 1971

고 순도 팔라듐 금속(99.9%)에 함유된 루테늄 함량을 $^{104}Ru(n,{\gamma};{\beta}^-)^{105}Rh$의 핵반응에 의하여 생성된 $^{105}Rh$의 방사능을 계축하므로써 결정하였다. 원자로에서 조사된 팔라듐 시료와 루테늄 표준시료를 왕수 처리 및 과산화나트륨으로 용융시킨다음 $^{105}Rh$을 음이온 및 양이온 교환수지로 분리하였다. 팔라듐 시료로 부터 얻은 $^{105}Rh$의 방사능을 루테늄 표준시료로 부터 얻은 $^{105}Rh$의 방사능과 비교하므로서 루테늄의 함량을 결정하였다. 본 방법으로 구한 루테늄의 검출한계는 팔라듐 10mg을 시료로 하였을 때 약 1ppm이었으며 이 검출 감도는 $^{102}Ru(n,{\gamma})^{103}Ru$의 핵반응을 사용한 종래의 방사화 분석에 비해 약 40배 더 예민하였다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Ruthenium(Ru)-doped $TiO_2$ nanofibers were prepared using electrospun Ru-$TiO_2$/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) fibers and subsequent annealing for 1 h at temperatures in the range of $500^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$ in air. The properties of the Ru-$TiO_2$ fibers were characterized as a function of the Ru content and calcination temperature using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and viscometer, pycnometer and dynamic tensiometer measurements. Although the diameter of the fiber decreased slightly with increasing calcination temperature, no dramatic changes were observed with respect to the ruthenium content. The XRD and FT-IR results revealed that anatase phase and ruthenium metal began to be formed after calcination at temperatures above $500^{\circ}C$. Anatase and rutile phases and ruthenium metal coexisted in the fibers calcined above $600^{\circ}C$. No anatase phase was detected in the fibers containing ruthenium when they were calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$. The morphology of the fibers changed from smooth and uniform to porous with increasing temperature. The experimental results suggest that the calcination temperature and Ru content were influential in determining the morphology and structure of the fibers.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.363-363
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• 2014

Ruthenium (Ru) has attractive material properties due to its promising characteristics such as a low resistivity ($7.1{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ in the bulk), a high work function of 4.7 eV, and feasibility for the dry etch process. These properties make Ru films appropriate for various applications in the state-of-art semiconductor device technologies. Thus, it has been widely investigated as an electrode for capacitor in the dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a metal gate for metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and a seed layer for Cu metallization. Due to the continuous shrinkage of microelectronic devices, better deposition processes for Ru thin films are critically required with excellent step coverages in high aspect ratio (AR) structures. In these respects, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a viable solution for preparing Ru thin films because it enables atomic-scale control of the film thickness with excellent conformality. A recent investigation reported that the nucleation of ALD-Ru film was enhanced considerably by using a zero-valent metallorganic precursor, compared to the utilization of precursors with higher metal valences. In this study, we will present our research results on the synthesis and characterization of novel ruthenium complexes. The ruthenium compounds were easy synthesized by the reaction of ruthenium halide with appropriate organic ligands in protic solvent, and characterized by NMR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The molecular structures of the complexes were studied by single crystal diffraction. ALD of Ru film was demonstrated using the new Ru metallorganic precursor and O2 as the Ru source and reactant, respectively, at the deposition temperatures of $300-350^{\circ}C$. Self-limited reaction behavior was observed as increasing Ru precursor and O2 pulse time, suggesting that newly developed Ru precursor is applicable for ALD process. Detailed discussions on the chemical and structural properties of Ru thin films as well as its growth behavior using new Ru precursor will be also presented.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1462-1466
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• 2013

We demonstrate that ruthenium oxide ($RuO_2$) nanotubes with controlled dimensions can be synthesized using facile electrochemical means and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. $RuO_2$ nanotubes were formed using a cyclic voltammetric deposition technique and an aqueous plating solution composed of $RuCl_3$. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used to determine the effective electrochemical oxidation potential of $Ru^{3+}$ to $RuO_2$. The length and wall thickness of $RuO_2$ nanotubes can be adjusted by varying the range and cycles of the electrochemical cyclic voltammetric potentials. Thick-walled $RuO_2$ nanotubes were obtained using a wide electrochemical potential range (-0.2~1 V). In contrast, an electrochemical deposition potential range from 0.8 to 1 V produced thin-walled and longer $RuO_2$ nanotubes in an identical number of cycles. The dependence of wall thickness and length of $RuO_2$ nanotubes on the range of cyclic voltammetric electrochemical potentials was attributed to the distinct ionic diffusion times. This significantly improves the ratio of surface area to mass of materials synthesized using AAO templates. Furthermore, this study is directive to the controlled synthesis of other metal oxide nanotubes using a similar strategy.

• 분석과학
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.347-352
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 유리질 탄소 전극 표면에 혼성원자가를 가지는 무기 금속 고분자 막을 도포한 변형전극을 제조하고, 이들 변형전극의 전기화학적인 특성을 순환 전압 전류법으로 조사하였다. 그리고 이들 변형전극들을 작업전극으로 하여 메탄올과 L-ascorbic acid의 양극산화 거동을 조사하였다. Mixed valence rethenium oxo/cyanoruthenate(mv Ru-O/CN-Ru) 막, mv ruthenium oxo/cyanoferrate(mv Ru-O/$Fe(CN)_6$) 막, 및 mv ruthenium oxo/cyanoruthenate/Rhodium(mv Ru-O/CN-Ru/Rh) 막을 각각 도포하는 과정은 지정된 전위범위를 50 mV/sec의 주사속도로 전위를 걸어줌으로써 쉽게 도포할 수 있었으며, 동일한 과정을 반복 주사함으로써 막의 두께를 조절 하였다. 메탄올의 양극 산화거동을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. mv Ru-O/CN-Ru 변형전극에서 메탄올의 검정곡선은 농도 기울기가 $-7.552{\mu}A/mM$로서 10 mM에서 80 mM 까지의 농도범위에서 비교적 좋은 감도를 보였다. mv Ru-O/$Fe(CN)_6$ 변형 전극의 경우에 농도 기울기는 $-5.13{\mu}A/mM$ 이었지만, 농도에 대한 전류관계의 직선 범위는 10 mM에서 100 mM까지로서 Ru 고분자 막 변형전극보다 더 넓은 범위에서 좋은 직선관계를 보였다. mv Ru-O/CN-Ru 막을 두 종류의 바탕전극에 각각 도포한 변형전극에 대하여 L-ascorbic acid의 양극 산화거동을 조사한 결과, 유리질 탄소 전극에 Ru 고분자 막을 입힌 변형전극이 Rh 막을 도포한 유리질 탄소전극에 Ru 고분자 막을 입힌 변형전극(mv Ru-O/CN-Ru/Rh)에서 보다 감도가 예민하였다. Ru 고분자 막 변형전극을 사용했을 경우에 검정곡선은 0.1 mM에서 5 mM 까지의 L-ascorbic acid 농도 범위에서 직선관계를 보였고, 기울기와 상관계수는 각각 $-84.78{\mu}A/mM$, 0.998이었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.645-647
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 수열합성법을 이용하여, 한단계의 과정으로 $TiO_2$와 Ru (Ruthenium)가 도입된 $TiO_2$ ($Ru_x/TiO_2$)를 합성하였다. 합성된 샘플의 결정성과 조성 및 형태를 X-ray diffraction (XRD)과 energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)를 통하여 확인하였으며, Benzyl alcohol의 Benzaldehyde로의 산화반응에 촉매로서 적용하였다. 높은 선택성을 가지는 산화반응이 진행되었으며, $TiO_2$에 도입된 Ru의 양이 증가할수록 촉매로서의 더 좋은 촉매활성을 보였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.1144-1148
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• 2014

Here we report a facile synthesis of ruthenium (Ru) Nanoparticles (NPs) by chemical co-precipitation method. The calcination of ruthenium hydroxide samples at $500^{\circ}C$ under hydrogen atmosphere lead to the formation of $Ru^0$ NPs. The size and aggregation of Ru NPs depends on the pH of the medium, and type of surfactant and its concentration. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope image (TEM) analyses of particles indicated the formation of $Ru^0$ NPs, and have 10 to 20 nm sizes. As-synthesized $Ru^0$ NPs are characterized and investigated their catalytic ability in click chemistry (azidealkyne cycloaddition reactions), showing good results in terms of reactivity. Interestingly, small structural differences in triazines influence the catalytic activity of $Ru^0$ nanocatalysts. Click chemistry has recently emerged to become one of the most powerful tools in drug discovery, chemical biology, proteomics, medical sciences and nanotechnology/nanomedicine. In addition, preliminary tests of recycling showed good results with neither loss of activity or significant precipitation.