• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.677-688
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• 2007

돼지를 포함한 대부분의 동물은 일정한 발정주기를 가지고 일정한 시기에 배란을 하는 자연배란동물이지만, 토끼, 고양이, 밍크 등의 암놈은 교미자극에 의해 배란이 일어나는 유기배란동물이다. 또한 1년에 한 번만 발정하는 단발정동물과 1년에 수차례 발정하는 다발정동물이 있다. 이 중에서 모돈은 1년에 수차례 발정하는 다발정 동물로서 발정기에 들면 비발정기와는 다른 행동을 나타낸다(Diehl 등, 2001). 양돈가의 수익을 최대화하기 위해서는 비생산일수를 최소로 줄여야 한다. 모돈의 비생산일수를 줄일 수 있는 한 가지 방법은 성공적으로 교배를 시키는 것이다. 이처럼 성공적으로 교배를 시키기 위해서는 수정적기를 정확히 예측해야 한다. 만약 수정적기를 정확히 판단하지 못하여 수태가 되지 않으면, 비생산일수가 늘어나 손실을 입게 된다. 따라서 수정적기를 정확히 판단하는 것은 모돈의 성공적인 인공수정에 있어서 중요한 요소이다. 수정적기는 배란이 일어나기 전 10시간에서 12시간 사이이며, 발정이 시작되는 시점을 기준으로 하였을 때 경산돈의 경우 26시간에서 34시간 사이이고 미경산돈의 경우는 18시간에서 26시간 사이이다(Evans 등, 2001). 현재 하루에 두 번 모돈의 발정을 확인하는 것이 일반화되어 있으며, 이 때 웅돈을 접촉시키거나 육안관찰을 통하여 발정 유무를 판단한다. 이러한 방법에는 숙련된 기술과 풍부한 경험이 요구될 뿐만 아니라 총 소요노동력의 30% 정도가 요구된다(Perez 등, 1986). 하루에 두 번밖에 발정을 감지하지 않기 때문에 발정이 언제 시작되었는지를 정확히 알 수 없으며, 또한 발정의 대부분이 새벽에 시작되므로 수정적기를 정확히 판단하기란 매우 어렵다. 만약 발정을 감지했더라도 적기에 인공수정을 하지 못한다면, 수태율이 낮아지므로 경제적 손실이 초래된다. 현재 이러한 문제점 때문에 2회에서 3회에 걸쳐 인공수정을 하고 있으나 이에 따른 소요비용과 소요노동력 등은 양돈가의 부담을 가중시키는 요인이 되고 있다. 돼지는 발정기가 되면 비발정기에 나타내지 않던 외음부의 냄새를 맡는 행동, 귀를 세우는 행동 및 승가허용 행동 등을 나타낸다(Diehl 등, 2001). 또한 돼지는 비발정기에 비하여 발정기에 더 많은 활동량을 나타낸다(Altman, 1941; Erez and Hartsock, 1990). Freson 등(1998)은 스톨에서 개별적으로 사육되고 있는 모돈의 활동량을 적외선센서를 이용하여 측정함으로써 발정을 86%까지 감지하였다고 보고하였다. 그러나 이 연구는 단지 모돈의 발정을 감지하였을 뿐 번식관리에 있어서 가장 중요한 수정적기의 판단 기준을 제시하지 못하였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 스톨에서 사육되는 모돈의 활동량을 측정함으로써 발정시작시각을 감지하고 이를 기준으로 인공수정적기를 예측할 수 있는 인공수정적기 예측 장치를 개발한 후 이의 성능을 농장실증실험을 통하여 시험하고자 수행되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.22-30
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• 2013

This study aims to measure the thermal comfort effects of urban street trees. As the usual dry bulb air temperature does not indicate properly how the average pedestrian feels the heat of a typical summer day under the strong sunshine, we adopted the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT). WBGT involves black globe temperature to measure the direct radiation of sun beams on our bodies, for example our heads. We measured temperatures on very sunny and hot summer days, August 3, 4, and 7, 2012, on the urban streets of Seoul, Korea. Wet bulb, globe, and dry bulb temperatures were measured under direct sunlight from 1 O'clock to 5 O'clock pm. Globe and dry bulb temperatures were measured under street tree shades nearby during the same hours. Then the WBGTs were calculated with the formulae, one for sunny outdoor spaces, and the other for shaded outdoor spaces or indoor. The results are compared with the Korean Standards Association(KS A ISO 7243). The major findings were: 1) On very sunny and hot summer days in Seoul, street tree shades lower the WBGT about 1 to 4 degrees, 2) during the hours of 3 and 4 O'clock in the afternoon, the WBGT under the tree shades are about 3 to 4 degrees lower compared to those under sunshines(approx. 29 to 32 degrees respectively), 3) This difference makes a major thermal comfort for urban pedestrians because senior citizens or weak persons are recommended to move indoor, and even healthy people are recommended stop outdoor sports and take rests in the shades when WBGT is about 32. On the other hand, if the WBGT is around 29, or 3 degrees lower, slower walking, light works or sports are allowable, 4) On site questionnaire survey confirms the thermal comforts under the tree shades, and we even could not get survey subjects on the sunny parts of the sidewalks, 5) We strongly recommend change of guidelines for urban street trees from "one row of street trees on 6m~8m intervals" to "street trees to make continuous shades".

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2013

The results of this research to study forms, structure, changes, symbolic meanings of 16 Hahoe sceneries through analyses of "Hahwaesipyukgyeong" and "Hahwaenakgangsanghaildaedo" are as belows. The coherence of headword is not discovered in 16 Hahoe sceneries, but based on various variables and sense dependence, endemicity with original natural scenes, human's life and phenomena of riverside village are spread in 3km viewing areas within 200m from Gyeonamjeongsa(謙巖精舍) and Okyeonjeongsa(玉淵精舍). As the viewing points of Gyeonam and Okyeonjeongsa are symmetrically facing and separately independent, while viewing angles do not intersect at Wonjijeongsa (遠志精舍) and Binyeonjeongsa(賓淵精舍) because of Buyongdae(芙蓉臺), and crating each independent viewing area, we can see 16 Hahoe sceneries are perfect views by supplementing Gyeonam and Okyeon Jeongsa, as well as points of views from Wonji and Binyeonjeongsa. Meanwhile, as the view point of 16 Hahoe sceneries, Gyeomam, Okyeon, Binyeon, and Wonji Jeongsa are clearly described, and 12 natural sceneries, which are Hwasan(花山), Ipam(立巖), Maam(馬巖), Jando(棧道), Bangi(盤磯), Hoengju(橫舟), and Honggyo(虹橋), among landscape elements of 16 Hahoe sceneries that can be expressed on canvas in the Haoedo are realistically described, there is high possibility that Haoedo is the 'Mental Stroll about Nature(臥遊) of 16 Hahoe sceneries. The belted forest surrounding the village in the painting is assumed to be an erosion control forest, and considering row-expressed trees, the south belted forest may be a different broad-leaved forest from current Mansongjeong(萬松亭) pine forest. In 16 Hahoe sceneries, there is Neo-confucianism tendency, which connects the nature and human life, and moreover prioritize human life than the nature. Especially as seen in the 'Choljae(拙齋)', the pen name of 16 Hahoe sceneries' author park, the 16 Hahoe scenery poet suggests 'Beauty of Jolbak(拙撲美)' based on the simple life that upright classical scholars pursued as the basic emotion. The thinking system shown in the poet is interpreted as Neo-confucianism category including one's sense and emotion depended on natural features or phenomena. Ultimately, 16 Hahoe sceneries are landscape that reflects moral world views of Confucianism scholars who wanted to express ideal thoughts based on natural features and phenomena in reality at Jeongsa in Buyongdae and Hahoe Village.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2010

Purpose: Omental infarction (OI) following laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) for gastric cancer could become more common in the future because the indications for LAG are expected to expand. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of OI following LAG. Materials and Methods: Three hundred ninety patients who underwent LAG for T1 or T2 gastric cancer from April 2003 to November 2007 were enrolled. OI was diagnosed by two radiologists using the patients' abdominal 16 row-detector CT scans. The clinicopathologic characteristics were retrospectively evaluated in the omental infarction (OI) group and the non-omental infarction (non-OI) group using the gastric cancer database of Dong-A University Medical Center and the medical record. Results: Nine omental infarctions (2.3%) of 390 LAGs were diagnosed. All the OIs could be discriminated from omental metastasis on the initial or follow up CT images. The location of the omental infarctions was on the epigastrium in 3 patients and in the left upper quadrant in 3 patients. The mean size of the OIs was 4.1 cm. Most patients with OI had no signs or symptoms. The body mass index of the OI group was higher than that of the non-OI group (P=0230), and OI was more common in patients who underwent total gastrectomy than in the patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy (P=0.0011). Conclusion: Laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) with partial omentectomy for gastric cancer can be a cause of secondary OI. Omental infarction after LAG has different clinical characteristics and CT findings that those of other omental infarctions or postoperative omental metastases. Further multicenter study will be needed to evaluate in detail the clinical features of omental infarction after LAG.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.202-223
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• 2020

This purpose of this article is to identify the original form of the gilt-bronze ornamental pieces unearthed from the east part of the third wooden coffin in the Naju Bogam-ri Jeongchon (NBJ) tombs. The gilt-bronze ornamental pieces were all small, measuring less than 3cm in size and about 0.2cm in thickness, and only 19 or more small pieces were identified. In each piece of gilt decoration, a circular perforation, convex pattern, leaf-shaped spangle (瓔珞), 2 small holes for attaching spangles and gilt-bronze thread, 2 small holes for unknown purposes, and a continuous dot pattern of about 0.05 cm can be observed. As a result, it was judged that the gilt-bronze pieces excavated from the NBJ No. 1 chamber were part of the Headband Crown. Therefore, type 1 and type 3 of the gilt-bronze pieces were determined to be part of the Headband, and type 2 to be part of the Vertical Ornaments. Based on previous results, two types of restoration were proposed for NBJ No. 1 tomb gilt-bronze ornaments. In the first restoration proposal, there are wave-shaped dot patterns on the top and bottom of the crown, and the middle decoration is a spangle, circular perforation and spangle and a convex-pattern. In the second restoration plan, one row of convex patterns was added among the decorations in the middle of the first. The same type of vertical ornament was found in the Sochang (小倉) collection crown, but the overall structure and shape of the crown were completely different. On the other hand, the use of small holes of unknown use, as seen in the crown, was presumed to represent holes for fixing to a cap of organic matter. The restored NBJ No. 1 tomb gilt-bronze crown is characterized by circular punching, which makes it difficult to find an analogy in the other Three Kingdoms-period crowns. Unlike the existing halls in Gaya, Mahan, and Baekje, each district has a unique shape and decoration. The gilt-bronze crown excavated from NBJ No. 1 tomb is thought to reflect these characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose is to perform objective evaluation for rotator cuff using ultrasonography and validate factors influencing cuff integrity as well as efficacy of follow-up ultrasonography after unreamed antegrade intramedullary nailing for humerus fracture. Materials and Methods: Seventeen patients with an average age of $55.7{\pm}18.6$ years underwent antegrade intramedullary nailing for humerus fracture and follow-up ultrasonography of shoulder joint. Mean follow-up period was $43.5{\pm}32.2$ months. Intraoperative evaluation for preoperative cuff tear was performed, of which four cuffs were repaired by single row repair technique. Clinical evaluation included visual analogue scale (VAS), range of motion, Korean Shoulder Scoring System (KSS) and American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score. Ultrasonographic evaluation was performed on cuff integrity and protrusion of proximal nail tip as well. Radiographic evaluation included time to union, protrusion of proximal nail tip and migration of proximal interlocking screw which could affect shoulder joint function. Results: Mean VAS at last follow-up was $1.65{\pm}1.84$ points. Range of motion showed forward flexion of $137.0{\pm}33.5^{\circ}$, external rotation of $43.5{\pm}12.7^{\circ}$ and internal rotation of $16.4{\pm}2.0^{\circ}$ while KSS score and ASES score were $79.6{\pm}20.7$ and $83.7{\pm}17.0$ points, respectively. Bone union was demonstrated in all cases and average time to union was $3.4{\pm}1.3$ months. Migration of proximal interlocking screw was shown in 6 cases (35%). On ultrasonographic evaluation, there were normal in 8 (47%), weaving in 4 (24%), partial tear in 5 cases (29%), but no complete tear. Protrusion of proximal nail tip was demonstrated in 8 cases (47%) on plain radiographs whereas in 11 cases (65%) on ultrasonography and was associated with increasing age (p=0.038). Ultrasonographic weaving and partial tear was associated with protrusion of proximal nail tip (p=006), but not with repair of preoperative tear (p>0.05). Conclusion: Because weaving and partial tear on ultrasonography originated from protrusion of proximal nail tip, careful insertion of nail and meticulous repair of cuff during operation lead to stable fixation with satisfactory recovery of shoulder function follow-up ultrasonography can be a useful tool for evaluating protrusion of nail tip and rotator cuff tear, of which diagnosis is difficult on plain X-ray after antegrade intramedullary nailing for humerus fracture.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.30-43
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• 1981

On unwedded paddy fields, six cropping patterns of rice cultivation, namely direct broadcast seeding, direct row seeding, machine transplanting, early season hand transplanting, standard season hand transplanting, and late season hand transplanting, were detected with two representative rice cultivars (Milyang 23 and Sadominori) to estimate the comparative fluctuation patterns of weed flora. As a result, number of emerged weed species, most crowding stages, differences of weed growth among cropping patterns, possible tendencies of competition in plant heights among plant groups, variations in Importance Values, and Simpson's Index analysis were discussed, respectively.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 2015

The experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth characteristics of sorghum in the different planting methods: direct sowing and transplanting (20 days after sowing, DAS). Weed weight was taken from three randomly chosen-2 plots 60 DAS (DAT). One time (20, 30 days after transplanting, DAT) and two times (10/20, 10/30, 20/30, 20/40 DAS) application of weeder machine (FRT 80E) were conducted for direct sowing and transplanting, respectively. In transplanting, the weed control efficacy of weeder machine at 90 DAT was about 67% (DAT 20), 57% (DAT 30) at one time and 87% at two times. The most effective application number was two times (20/40 DAT) followed by one time (20 DAT). However, when reviewing yield and economy, the frequency and times of using weeder machine were preferably one time and 20 DAT. Results with mechanical weed control have been particularly good in transplanted row crops such as sorghum. In direct sowing, the weed control efficacy of weeder machine 60 DAS was about 87% (10/20 DAS), 88% (10/30 DAS) and 82% (20/30 DAS) at two times, respectively. When reviewing yield and economy, the times and frequency of weeder machine were preferably two times, 10 and 30 DAS.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.233-244
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength obtained from ceramic and plastic brackets bonded with various light-cured adhesives and to evaluate their debonded failure sites. Plastic brackets, Transcend 6000, Signature and Starflre TMB brackets were bonded with Orthobond, Light Bond and Transbond on one hundred forty extracted human premolar teeth as manufacturer's descriptions. After thermocycling the brackets were debonded with an Instron universal testing machine and the debonded bracket base surfaces were inspected under stereoscope to evaluate the failure sites. Also the shear bond strength and failure patterns with different curing time and with two different source of light were compared. The results were as follows. 1. There were no statistically significant differences among the mean shear bond strength of Orthobond, Light Bond and Transbond in a same bracket group except Plastic bracket group(p<0.05). 2. The mean shear bond strength of each adhesive with different bracket groups showed statistically significant differences. Stafire TMB showed the highest shear bond strenght among the brackets in this study, but there was no statistically singnificant difference with Transcend 6000 while there was statistically significant difference with Signature.(p<0.05) 3. The various bonding failure patterns were occurred among different bracket groups but most of failure sites were bracket base -adhesive interfaces. 4. There were no statistically significant differences in shear bond strength between the groups with curing time of 10 second and 20 second, and between the groups with two different sources of light as long as sufficient light intensity(above $400mWcm^2$) were provided(p<0.05). According to the result, it should be considered in clinical use of ceramic bracket with light-cured adhesives that the shear strengths of ceramic brackets were influenced by the retention from of bracket base as well as the composition of bracket and there was no difference in the shear bond strenght among various light-cured adhesives used in this study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the effect of seeding dates of Italian ryegrass interseeded into bermudagrass sod on the forage productivity and botanical composition of Italian ryegrass and bermudagrass. Experimental plot was located at 200 m altitude within Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science in Jeju from 2009 to 2010. Seeding date treatments of Italian ryegrass into bermudagrass sod were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Italian ryegrass was drilled in row 20 cm apart after clipping the bermudagrass at a cutting height of 2~3 cm. Seeding time was on 15 September, 30 September and 15 October. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass was higher in 15 September seeding treatment, the dry matter yields of 30 September and 15 October seeding treatment were not different. The Italian ryegrass interseeded into bermudagrass sod didn't affect the dry matter yield in the summer harvests of bermudagrass, and the dry matter yield of bermudagrass showed the highest in August. In botanical composition, Italian ryegrass showed to reduced growth in early seedling stage after seeding by competition with bermudagrass, but Italian ryegrass was dominant to June increasing of temperature in spring next year and bermudagrass after Italian ryegrass harvests was dominant during summer season.