• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2010

Secure routing is vital to the acceptance and use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for many applications. However, providing secure routing in WSNs is a challenging task due to the inherently constrained capabilities of sensor nodes. Although a wide variety of routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs, most do not take security into account as a main goal. Routing attacks can have devastating effects on WSNs and present a major challenge when designing robust security mechanisms for WSNs. In this paper, we examine some of the most common routing attacks in WSNs. In particular, we focus on the wormhole routing attack in some detail. A variety of countermeasures have been proposed in the literature for such attacks. However, most of these countermeasures suffer from flaws that essentially render them ineffective for use in large scale WSN deployments. Due to the inherent constraints found in WSNs, there is a need for lightweight and robust security mechanisms. The examination of the wormhole routing attack and some of the proposed countermeasures makes it evident that it is extremely difficult to retrofit existing protocols with defenses against routing attacks. It is suggested that one of the ways to approach this rich field of research problems in WSNs could be to carefully design new routing protocols in which attacks such as wormholes can be rendered meaningless.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2024

Mobile Ad hoc Network is a network of multiple wireless nodes which communicate and exchange information together without any fixed and centralized infrastructure. The core objective for the development of MANET is to provide movability, portability and extensibility. Due to infrastructure less network topology of the network changes frequently this causes many challenges for designing routing algorithms. Many routing protocols for MANET have been suggested for last few years and research is still going on. In this paper we review three main routing protocols namely Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid, performance comparison of Proactive such as DSDV, Reactive as AODV, DSR, TORA and Hybrid as ZRP in different network scenarios including dynamic network size, changing number of nodes, changing movability of nodes, in high movability and denser network and low movability and low traffic. This paper analyzes these scenarios on the performance evaluation metrics e.g. Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Load(NRL) and End To-End delay(ETE).This paper also reviews various network layer security attacks challenge by routing protocols, detection mechanism proposes to detect these attacks and compare performance of these attacks on evaluation metrics such as Routing Overhead, Transmission Delay and packet drop rates.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.3163-3181
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• 2023

Eavesdropping attacks have seriously threatened network security. Attackers could eavesdrop on target nodes and link to steal confidential data. In the traditional network architecture, the static routing path and the important nodes determined by the nature of network topology provide a great convenience for eavesdropping attacks. To resist monitoring attacks, this paper proposes a random routing mutation defense method based on dynamic path weight (DPW-RRM). It utilizes network centrality indicators to determine important nodes in the network topology and reduces the probability of important nodes in path selection, thereby distributing traffic to multiple communication paths, achieving the purpose of increasing the difficulty and cost of eavesdropping attacks. In addition, it dynamically adjusts the weight of the routing path through network state constraints to avoid link congestion and improve the availability of routing mutation. Experimental data shows that DPW-RRM could not only guarantee the normal algorithmic overhead, communication delay, and CPU load of the network, but also effectively resist eavesdropping attacks.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5354-5369
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• 2019

Sensor networks are deployed in unheeded environment to monitor the situation. In view of the unheeded environment and by the nature of their communication channel sensor nodes are vulnerable to various attacks most commonly malicious packet dropping attacks namely blackhole, grayhole attack and sinkhole attack. In each of these attacks, the attackers capture the sensor nodes to inject fake details, to deceive other sensor nodes and to interrupt the network traffic by packet dropping. In all such attacks, the compromised node advertises itself with fake routing facts to draw its neighbor traffic and to plunge the data packets. False routing advertisement play vital role in deceiving genuine node in network. In this paper, behavior based routing misbehavior detection (BRMD) is designed in wireless sensor networks to detect false advertiser node in the network. Herein the sensor nodes are monitored by its neighbor. The node which attracts more neighbor traffic by fake routing advertisement and involves the malicious activities such as packet dropping, selective packet dropping and tampering data are detected by its various behaviors and isolated from the network. To estimate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, Network Simulator 2.34 is used. In addition packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay of BRMD are compared with other existing routing protocols and as a consequence it is shown that BRMD performs better. The outcome also demonstrates that BRMD yields lesser false positive (less than 6%) and false negative (less than 4%) encountered in various attack detection.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.4644-4661
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• 2015

Wireless sensor networks are often organized in the form of clusters leading to the new framework of WSN called cluster or hierarchical WSN where each cluster head is responsible for its own cluster and its members. These hierarchical WSN are prone to various routing layer attacks such as Black hole, Gray hole, Sybil, Wormhole, Flooding etc. These routing layer attacks try to spoof, falsify or drop the packets during the packet routing process. They may even flood the network with unwanted data packets. If one cluster head is captured and made malicious, the entire cluster member nodes beneath the cluster get affected. On the other hand if the cluster member nodes are malicious, due to the broadcast wireless communication between all the source nodes it can disrupt the entire cluster functions. Thereby a scheme which can detect both the malicious cluster member and cluster head is the current need. Abnormal energy consumption of nodes is used to identify the malicious activity. To serve this purpose a learning based energy prediction algorithm is proposed. Thus a two level energy prediction based intrusion detection scheme to detect the malicious cluster head and cluster member is proposed and simulations were carried out using NS2-Mannasim framework. Simulation results achieved good detection ratio and less false positive.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.52-83
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• 2009

In this technical report, we have examined the basic building blocks of mobile ad-hoc networks. The paper discusses various security requirements of ad-hoc networks, attacks in ad-hoc networks, Security Implementation and Routing Protocols. The primary purpose of the paper is to address the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in detail, along with the various possible attacks. Finally, algorithms for securing OLSR are proposed, via the addition of digital signatures, as well as more advanced techniques such as cross checking of advertised routing control data with the node's geographical position. The main aim of this research work is the addition of security features to the existing OLSR protocol. In order to effectively design a secure routing protocol, we present a detailed literature survey of existing protocols, along with the various attacks. Based on the information gathered from the literature survey, a secure routing protocol for OLSR is proposed. The proposed secure routing protocol involves the addition of a digital signature as well as more advanced techniques such as the reuse of previous topology information to validate the actual link state. Thus, the main objective of this work is to provide secure routing and secure data transmission.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.3639-3662
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• 2020

The network capability to accomplish its functions in a timely fashion under failures and attacks is known as survivability. Ad hoc routing protocols have been studied and extended to various domains, such as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), underwater acoustic networks, and Internet of Things (IoT) focusing on different aspects, such as security, QoS, energy. The existing solutions proposed in this domain incur substantial overhead and eventually become burden on the network, especially when there are fewer attacks or no attack at all. There is a need that the effectiveness of these routing protocols be analyzed in the presence of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks without any intrusion detection or prevention system. This will enable us to establish and identify the inherently stable routing protocols that are capable to survive longer in the presence of these attacks. This work presents a DoS attack case study to perform theoretical analysis of survivability on node and network level in the presence of DoS attacks. We evaluate the performance of reactive and proactive routing protocols and analyse their survivability. For experimentation, we use NS-2 simulator without detection or prevention capabilities. Results show that proactive protocols perform better in terms of throughput, overhead and packet drop.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2014

MANET has various types of attacks. In particular, routing attacks using characteristics of movement of nodes and wireless communication is the most threatening because all nodes which configure network perform a function of router which forwards packets. Therefore, mechanisms that detect routing attacks and defense must be applied. In this paper, we proposed hierarchical structure attack detection techniques in order to improve the detection ability against routing attacks. Black hole detection is performed using PIT for monitoring about control packets within cluster and packet information management on the cluster head. Flooding attack prevention is performed using cooperation-based distributed detection technique by member nodes. For this, member node uses NTT for information management of neighbor nodes and threshold whether attack or not receives from cluster head. The performance of attack detection could be further improved by calculating at regular intervals threshold considering the total traffic within cluster in the cluster head.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.2805-2826
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• 2021

In most cases, the routing policy of networks shows a preference for a static one-to-one mapping of communication pairs to routing paths, which offers adversaries a great advantage to conduct thorough reconnaissance and organize an effective attack in a stress-free manner. With the evolution of network intelligence, some flexible and adaptive routing policies have already proposed to intensify the network defender to turn the situation. Routing mutation is an effective strategy that can invalidate the unvarying nature of routing information that attackers have collected from exploiting the static configuration of the network. However, three constraints execute press on routing mutation deployment in practical: insufficient route mutation space, expensive control costs, and incompatibility. To enhance the availability of route mutation, we propose an OpenFlow-based route mutation technique called Polymorphic Path Transferring (PPT), which adopts a physical and virtual path segment mixed construction technique to enlarge the routing path space for elevating the security of communication. Based on the Markov Decision Process, with considering flows distribution in the network, the PPT adopts an evolution routing path scheduling algorithm with a segment path update strategy, which relieves the press on the overhead of control and incompatibility. Our analysis demonstrates that PPT can secure data delivery in the worst network environment while countering sophisticated attacks in an evasion-free manner (e.g., advanced persistent threat). Case study and experiment results show its effectiveness in proactively defending against targeted attacks and its advantage compared with previous route mutation methods.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.901-905
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a detection scheme for sinkhole attacks in wireless sensor networks. Sinkhole attack makes packets that flow network pass through attacker. So, Sinkhole attack can be extended to various kind of attacks. We analyze sinkhole attack methods in the networks that use LQI based routing. For the purpose of response to each attack method, we propose methods to detect attacks. Our scheme can work for those sensor networks which use LQI based dynamic routing protocol. And we show the detection of sinkhole attack can be achieved by using a few detector nodes.