• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1276-1284
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• 2014

In southeastern regions of the US, herbage systems are primarily based on grazing or hay feeding with low nutritive value warm-season perennial grasses. Nutritious herbage such as annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) may be more suitable for preserving as baleage for winter feeding even with more intensive production inputs. Emerging in-line wrapped baleage storage systems featuring rapid wrapping and low polyethylene film requirements need to be tested for consistency of storing nutritive value of a range of annual ryegrass herbage. A ryegrass storage trial was conducted with 24-h wilted 'Marshall' annual ryegrass harvested at booting, heading and anthesis stages using three replicated in-line wrapped tubes containing ten round bales per tube. After a six-month storage period, nutritive value changes and fermentation end products differed significantly by harvest stage but not by bale location. Although wilted annual ryegrass exhibited a restricted fermentation across harvest stages characterized by high pH and low fermentation end product concentrations, butyric acid concentrations were less than 1 g/kg dry matter, and lactic acid was the major organic acid in the bales. Mold coverage and bale aroma did not differ substantially with harvest stage or bale location. Booting and heading stage-harvested ryegrass baleage were superior in nutritive value to anthesis stage-harvested herbage. Based on the investigated nutritive value and fermentation characteristics, individual bale location within in-line tubes did not significantly affect preservation quality of ryegrass round bale silages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways to evaluate the effectiveness of storage sections of the round bale silage of fresh rice straw (RS). This study evaluated, the changes of the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the different sectors of the RS after a certain period; a month later after the bailing, samples of three different RS (bale one, bale two, and bale three) were taken according to the three different sectors (top, center, and the bottom) of the bale. According to the findings of this study there was no significant difference in the RS's chemical composition content among the different sectors (top, center, or the bottom) of the bale. The possible reason for this is believed that on the basis of different sectors of the bale, the moisture (the water soluble nutrient) movement didn't occur and was locked in and couldn't escape, because the dry matter content of the rice straw was as high as $70\%$. After immediately harvesting the paddies, using the fresh rice straw to produce RS at the same time when the dry matter content is in between $26{\sim}40\%$, the chemical composition was found to be of a good quality. Accordingly, it is recommended that when the dry matter content is in between $35{\sim}45\%$, in order to produce RS with the fine chemical composition of 'Yonchon' region, bailing should be done simultaneously with the harvesting of paddies, before the first frost appears.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.292-300
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• 2007

Not many types of roughage cutters have been introduced in Korea so far. However, those machines could not satisfy farmers to cut rice straw or barley wrap-silage properly. Stiffness and firmness of roughage bale were two obstructing factors. In order to solve this problem, a tractor attached cut-feeding machinery for the round baled roughage was developed for dairy and beef cattle farm in Korea. A series of tests were performed and acquired data were analyzed by using the several imported roughage cutters, which have been already introduced in dairy farm in Korea. And, a prototype of forage cutter was selected, analyzed, designed and manufactured to develop a tractor attached roughage cut-feeder for round bale. Also, the prototype machine was tested, modified and improved through revising model. As a result, a tractor attached roughage cut-feeder for round bale was manufactured. In order to evaluate the performance of the model machinery. a series of test were performed by the prototype machinery both at the plant and field. The model machinery developed satisfied in both power requirement and cutting capacity. As a conclusion, one of the obstacles against feeding the round baled roughage in the korea cattle farm can be eliminated by developing the tractor attached round baled roughage cut-feeder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the silage additives on improvement of quality of fresh rice straw silage using round bale at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crops division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The treatments used in this study were consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, molasses+urea and inoculant). The rice straw silage with molasses+urea treatment resulted in high crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility were increased with molasses of inoculant treatments compare with the control. The mean dry matter of formic acid treatment material was higher than with control but there was no significant difference in dry matter content among the additives treatments. The pH of molasses treatments significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid(P<0.05) and decreased the proportion of butyric acid. The total organic acid content of all treatments had low around 2%. Ammonia-N of molasses+urea treatment was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of others, but formic acid or inoculant treatments was lower below 10% per total nitrogen. Over a 7d feeding period, the dry matter intake per cattle on the inoculant treatment was higher that on both the untreated round bale silage of fresh rice straw and rice straw hay. Producing cost per kilogram of round bale silage of fresh rice straw was decreased according to the increasement of harvesting area. It is suggested that application of round bale silage system to fresh rice straw with molasses or inoculant was the best treatment for improving preservation as silage, and that animal intake was enhanced by addition of inoculant to fresh rice straw.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2015

Three experiments were carried out to determine the effect of harvest maturity and management practices on the dry matter losses and morphological changes of round baled rye silage. Rye was harvested at three growing stages (boot, heading and flowering stage) in three different conditions i) with wilting (unwilted, short wilting and long wilting), ii) with inoculant treatment (untreated, inoculant A and inoculant B) and iii) with three different wrap colors (white, black and green). The morphological changes in round bale silage after 2 months was heavy in the early harvest and unwilted silage. However, harvesting after the heading stage did not change the shape, significantly. Inoculant treatment reduced the morphological changes and dry matter (DM) losses of round baled rye silage. DM loss was decreased with a delayed harvesting date and was significantly reduced by the inoculant. Dramatic changes in the shape were observed in all treatment at boot stage. Inoculant treatment resulted in more severe changes in the boot stage compared to untreated silage. Black color wrapping had the greatest impact among the wrap colors and there were no significant difference in the wrap colors. Harvest maturity and wilting periods was highly correlated (p<0.01) with morphological change. Result of these studies indicated that dry matter content is the most important factor that affects the morphological change in round bale silage.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 2012

To identification of fungi that occurs round bale silages, 253 fungal contaminated samples were collected from 2009 to 2011. Total 253 silage samples from Italian ryegrass, sudan grass, rye, corn, barley and oat were analysed. Total 270 strains were purely isolated from contaminated round bale silages. The fungi were identified with morphological characteristics and rDNA sequence analysis. Nineteen species of fungi(Rhizopus sp., Fusarium spp., Coprinus sp., Blastomyces sp., Aureobasidium sp., Polypaecilum sp., Botryoderma sp., Mucor sp., Scytalidium sp., Sphaeropsis sp., Aspergillus spp., Trichocladium sp., Humicola sp., Staphylotrichum sp., Periconia sp., Verticillium sp., Diplococcium sp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp.) were identified by morphological characteristics. On the other hand, fungi isolated from silage were identified to Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus tubingensis, Bionectria ochroleuca, Dipodascaceae sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusrium solani, Gelasinospora reticulata, Gibberella moniliformis, Gibberella zeae, Nectria mauritiicola, Penicillium paneum, Pseudallecheria boydii, Schizophyllum commune, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Simplicillium lamellicola by rDNA sequence analysis. Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp., were isolated 74 and 64 strains, respectively. Humicola sp., Aspergillus sp., Coprinus sp., and Fusarium spp. were identified 10 to 30 strains. Most fungi were isolated together with more than one species in a sample looked like one species with the naked eyes.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.451-462
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate fungi and mycotoxin contamination of the rice straw bale silage in Korean. It was tested the 33 samples of rice straw round bale silage with various condition which fed cattle in the farm. The level of fungal contamination was $2.1{\times}10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ in the average and $9.2{\times}10^8\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ in the maximum. The fungal contamination was detected in the all of normal samples which good condition of rice straw bale silage. When the fungi was isolate and identify, it was found 28 species and mycotoxin producing fungi were 8 species as following as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum. Specially, Penicillium paneum was found 42% of samples and Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus, A. fumigatus) are 21% of samples. In case of mycotoxin contamination, the 42% of samples are detected more than one kind of mycotoxin. Some samples are contaminated three kinds of mycotoxin. This study was not found aflatoxin ($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$) and fumonisin ($B_1$, $B_2$), but were detected the contamination of ochratoxin A (1.0~5.8 ug/kg), deoxynivalenol (DON, 156.0~776.7 ug/kg) and zearalenone (ZON, 38.0~750.0 ug/kg). Therefore, the above results show that rice straw round bale silage expose on hazard factors as mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination, and than need more research about mycotoxin in animal feed to protect animal and human healthy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

The studies were conducted to investigate real condition of mycotoxin contamination in the fields before harvest and by the storages of rice straw used as roughage in Korea. It was found mycotoxin contamination before harvest of rice straw that the rice plants were detected deoxynivalenol at the initial growth, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol at the middle growth, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone at the harvest periods in the fields. Also, the rice plants were contaminated by various fungi such as Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucor circinelloides and Aspergillus oryzae. The levels of fungal contamination were $10^{3-4}$ cfu/g at the initial growth, and $10^{4-5}$ cfu/g at the middle growth and harvest periods. All storage types of rice straw were contaminated with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins A. The samples of rice straw contaminating mycotoxins were account for 3% in bundle rice straw, and 38% in both types of square rice straw and rice round bale silage, respectively. When 105 samples of rice bale silage were analyzed for mycotoxins depending on the regional area, mycotoxin contamination was found in 46% of total samples in Korea. Regional contaminations of mycotoxins were respectively 48, 33, 40, 50 and 57% of samples in Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheng, Yeongnam and Honam area. Rice round bale silage was contaminated by three kinds of mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxinsA) in the all of area without Chungcheong area where was contaminated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Ochratoxins A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were respectively determinated with the average levels of 2.6, 413 and $338{\mu}g/kg$ in rice round bale silage for the overall area, even if it was some difference depending on each regional area. Therefore, the above results clearly show that the rice straws were exposed to the contamination by mycotoxin and mycotoxigenic fungi before harvest in the fields, and mycotoxin contamination was not dependent on the regional area or the storage types such as bundle rice straw, square rice straw and rice round bale silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of harvest stage of corn on the quality of square baled corn silage manufactured with corn grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2009 to 2010. Corn "Kwangpyungok" was harvested at three different growth stages (milk, yellow ripen and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest time. Square baled corn silage was manufactured by use of square silage wrapping compressor. Each treatment was replicated three times. The content of crude protein (CP) of corn in square baled corn silage decreased with delayed maturity, but the content of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), TDN (total digestible nutrient) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were not changed. The content of moisture, pH and the nutritive values at three different harvest stages were not influenced by the method of silage manufacture and inoculant. The content of lactate of square baled corn silage harvested in milk stage of corn was significantly increased, as compared with that of round baled corn silage (P<0.05), but in stage of yellow ripen was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The content of acetate in square baled corn silage significantly decreased with delayed harvest maturity, as compared with that of round baled corn silage (P<0.05). Flieg's score of square baled corn silage harvested in milk stage of corn was slightly higher than that of round baled corn silage, but Flieg's scores in yellow ripen stage and ripen stage were not influenced by the method of silage manufacture. Flieg's score with delayed maturity was not influenced by the method of silage manufacture and inoculant. The manufacture of square baled corn silage was proved to be suitable for the fermentation of corn silage. Therefore, this study suggest that square baled corn silage can be a way of new silage manufacture technique.