• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2003

Five seed kernel namely, Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Pongamia (Pongamia glabra L. Pierre), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Mahua (Madhuca indica Gmel.) and Shikakai (Acacia cancinna De.) were tested against hatching of eggs and larval mortality of Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot disease in mulberry along with Furadan (Carbofuran) and Bionema (a bioformulation developed from Verticillium chlamydosporium) for comparison. Results revealed that highest hush-up of hatching was observed in Neem (77.40%) and Pongamia (75.99%) seed kernel extracts at 100% concentration over the check. Similarly, highest larval mortality was observed in Neem and Pongamia by 76.00% and 74.50%, respectively at 100% concentration after 72 hrs of exposure period. Pot culture studies revealed that pre-application of seed kernel powders (20 days before inoculation of nematode) found to be more effective in controlling the root knot disease than post application. In pre application of seed kernel powders, maximum reduction of root knots was observed in case of Neem seed kernel powder (54.85%) followed by Pongamia (51.9%). Similar trend was also observed in reduction of egg masses/plant and nematode population ／250 cc soil. Rest of the seed kernel extracts was found to be less effective in suppression of hatching, enhancing the larval mortality and controlling the root knot disease. However, application of Furadan and Bionema tested for the comparison were found to be more effective than seed kernel powders. The generated information seems to be useful in developing an ecofriendly integrated approach for the control of root knot nematode disease in mulberry.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집 I
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• pp.455-458
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• 2001

In this paper, ISO2631-1(1997) was used to assess the vibration and shock transmitted by train seat with respect to possible effects on human health. Evaluations have been performed on the seat acceleration measured in two type of train, Saemaulho and Mugunghwaho. For each train, limiting daily exposure durations were estimated by comparing the frequency weighted root mean square(i.e., r.m.s) acceleration and the vibration dose values(i.e., VDV), calculated according to ISO2631-1(1997) with exposure limits, health guidance caution zones.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.105-109
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• 2006

A transformed hairy root clone of Scutellaria baicalensis was established following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. Three root clones of S baicalensis were selected by growth habit and baicalin content. The most active strain-the SR-03 clone-was examined for its growth and baicalin content under various culture conditions. The root growth and baicalin content were maximized in a Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 4 and 6% sucrose, respectively. The accumulation of baicalin in transformed hairy roots was enhanced through exposure to various elicitors. Elicitation was attained by the addition of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and various concentrations of fungal cell wall elicitors to the medium. The accumulation of baicalin in the elicited cultures ranged from 10.5 to 18.3 mg/g dry weight of the roots, which was 1.5- to 3-fold the amount attained in controls.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

이 연구의 목적은 다양한 산성 환경에서 규산 삼칼슘 재료인 Biodentine$^{(R)}$, Theracal$^{(R)}$, ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$의 압출강도를 측정하고 표면형태를 관찰하는 것이었다. 각각의 재료에 대해 샘플을 4개의 그룹으로 나누었다. 산성 조건 그룹은 pH 4.4, 5.4, 6.4의 부티르산 조건에서, 대조군 그룹은 pH 7.4의 인산완충식염수 조건에서 4일간 $37^{\circ}C$에서 보관하였다. 이후 압출강도를 측정하고 표면 형태를 분석하였다. Biodentine$^{(R)}$과 Theracal$^{(R)}$은 모든 산성 조건에서 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$ 보다 더 높은 압출강도를 보였고 pH 감소에 따라 압출강도가 감소하였다. 주사전자현미경을 이용한 관찰 결과 재료들 모두 산성 조건에서 표면 형태에 상당한 변화를 보였다. 결론적으로, Biodentine$^{(R)}$과 Theracal$^{(R)}$은 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$와 비교하여 더 높은 압출강도를 보였다. 또한 산성 조건은 규산삼칼슘 재료들의 압출강도와 미세구조를 약화시킬 수 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1431-1442
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• 2015

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae-Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was II degree, I degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.564-576
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser treatment on removal of smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules. The experimental specimens were obtained from root planed surface of 30 human teeth which were extracted due to severe periodontal disease. The specimens were assigned randomly of three groups: root planed group, Tetracycline HCl(100mg/ml, 5min) group, and Nd:YAG laser ($Laser-35^{TM}$, U.S.A. 5 seconds )group. Nd:YAG laser group was divided into 4 subgroups according to 3.0W, 3.5W, 4.0W, 4.5W of power. The surface change of specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The number of exposed dentinal tubules and percentage of area occupied by dentinal tubule orifices per unit area between each group was statistically analyzed by paired Student t-test. The results were as follows: 1. By root planing only, dentinal tubule was not exposed, but scale-like smear layer and parallel instrument tracks were resulted. 2. Tetracycline HCl treated surfaces exhibited the small number of partially exposed dentinal tubules with long orifices. The number($3.80{\pm}0.79$) of exposed dentinal tubules on Tetracycline HCl group was significantly less than that in laser groups above 3.5W of power(P<0.001), and the percentage ($0.68{\pm}0.19$) of area occufied by dentinal tubule orifices per unit area($192\;{\mu}m^2$) was significantly lower than that of any laser group(P<0.001). 3. The laser group irradiated with 4.5W of power showed both the most number($10.60{\pm}0.97$) of exposed dentinal tubules among the experimental groups, and the highest percentage($3.75{\pm}0.55\;%$) of area occupied by dentinal tubule orifices. 4. Energy Surge during laser pulsing and overlapping passes of the fiber resulted in melted and resolidified surface textures with lava-like appearance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2000

Root conditioning has introduced to dissolve the smear layer and to produce surface demineralization, resulting to exposure of dentin collagen fibril and opening of dentinal tubules. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different concentration and application time of tetracycline-HCL on root conditioning. Total 40 root specimen were prepared from 20 periodontitis-prone human single rooted tooth. The specimen were treated with tetracycline-HCL solution(20mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml)for 20 sec, 3 min, 5 min., and saline for 30 sec. The application method was rubbing method with cotton pellet. Under the scanning electron microscopy(20KV), the extent of smear removal and opening of the dentinal tubules were examined at x 3000. The following results were obtained. 1. Treatment of root specimen with saline did not remove the smear layer and open the dentinal tubules. 2. Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 20 sec also did not remove the smear layer completely. 3. Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min opened the dentinal tubules and removed smear layer. 4. Treatment of root specimen with 50mg/ml of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min showed collagen fibril within the opened dentinal tubules. In conclusion, the effect of root conditioning with tetracycline-HCL is more dependent on the application time than the application concentration. Root conditioning with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCL for 3 min is enough for obtaining the periodontal regeneration.

• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 및 한일 식물생명공학 심포지엄
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• pp.71-80
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• 2005

Effects of low temperature ($8^{\circ}C$) on the hydraulic conductivity of young roots of a chilling-sensitive (cucumber; Cucumis sativus L.) and a chilling-resistant (figleaf gourd; Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche) crop have been measured at the levels of whole root systems (root hydraulic conductivity, $Lp_r$) and of individual cortical cells (cell hydraulic conductivity, Lp). In figleaf gourd, there was a reduction only in hydrostatic $Lp_r$ but not in osmotic $Lp_r$ suggesting that the activity of water channels was not much affected by low root temperature (LRT)treatment in this species. Changes in cell Lp in response to chilling and recovery were similar asroot level, although they were more intense at the root level. Roots of figleaf gourd recovered better from LRT treatment than those of cucumber. In figleaf gourd, recovery (both at the root and cell level) often resulted in Lp and $Lp_r$ values which were even bigger than the original, i.e. there was an overshoot in hydraulic conductivity. These effects were larger forosmotic (representing the cell-to-cell passage of water) than for hydrostatic $Lp_r$. After a short term (1 d) exposure to $8\;^{\circ}C$ followed by 1 d at $20\;^{\circ}C$, hydrostatic $Lp_r$ of cucumber nearly recovered and that of figleaf gourd still remained higher due to the overshoot. On the contrary, osmotic $Lp_r$ and cell Lp in both species remained high by a factor of 3 as compared to the control, possibly due to an increased activity of water channels. After pre-conditioning of roots at LRT, increased hydraulic conductivitywas completely inhibited by $HgCl_2$ at both the root and cell levels. Different from figleaf gourd, recovery from chilling was not complete in cucumber after longer exposure to LRT. It is concluded that at LRT, both changes in the activity of aquaporins and alterations of root anatomy determine the water uptake in both species. To better understand the aquaporin function in plants under various stress conditions, we examined the transgenic Arabidopsisand tobacco plants that constitutively overexpress ArabidopsisPIP1;4 or PIP2;5 under various abiotic stress conditions. No significant differences in growth rates were found between the transgenic and wild-type plants under favorable growth conditions. By contrast, overexpression of PIP1;4 or PIP2;5 had a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth under drought stress, whereas it had a positive effect under cold stress and no effect under salt stress. Measurement of water transport by cell pressure probe revealed that these observed phenotypes under different stress conditions were closely correlated with the ability of water transport by each aquaporin in the transgenic plants. Together, our results demonstrate that PIP-type aquaporins play roles in seed germination, seedling growth, and stress response of Arabidopsis and tobacco plants under various stress conditions, and emphasize the importance of a single aquaporin-mediated water transport in these cellular processes.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2013

수산화칼슘 근관충전제는 뛰어난 항균작용과 낮은 세포독성으로 우수한 유치 근관충전제로 평가되고 있다. 하지만 수산화칼슘을 근관 내 장기간 적용할 경우 치근 상아질에 미치는 부정적인 영향이 논의되고 있으며 많은 연구에서 영구치 근관에 수산화칼슘을 적용 후 상아질 경도의 감소가 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 수산화칼슘 제제의 적용 기간에 따라 유치 치근 상아질의 미세경도를 측정하여, 수산화칼슘의 적용이 유치 치근 상아질의 미세경도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 생리적 치근 흡수가 1/3이상 진행되지 않은 시기에 발거된 60개의 상악 유전치를 각각 20개 씩 대조군, 수산화칼슘과 요오드포름의 혼합제제(Vitapex, Neodent., Japan), 수산화칼슘과 증류수의 혼합제제를 적용하는 3개의 군으로 분류하였다. 각 치아는 같은 과정의 치수 절제술을 시행한 후 교정용 레진에 매몰하여 군당 5개 치아를 배정하고 24시간, 7일, 30일, 90일 후 치근 중앙부에서 2 mm 두께의 시편을 획득하여 비커스 미세경도 측정기를 통해 미세경도를 측정하였다. 측정된 미세경도 값은 Kruskal-Wallis test로 변수 간의 상호관계를 확인하였으며 사후 검정으로 Mann-Whitney test를 시행하였다. 시간에 따른 미세경도 값의 감소량은 선형 회귀분석을 통해 추이를 분석하였다. 수산화칼슘 근관 충전제가 유치의 치근 상아질의 미세경도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 수산화칼슘 근관 충전제를 유치의 근관에 적용 시 기간에 따라 치근상아 질의 미세경도가 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05). 수산화칼슘과 요오드화포름의 혼합제제에 비해 수산화칼슘을 증류수에 혼합하여 적용한 경우 유치 치근상아질의 미세경도가 더 급격하게 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05). 수산화칼슘을 적용하지 않은 대조군에서도 7일, 30일, 90일 후 기간에 따라 치근상아질의 미세경도가 감소하였으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.179-183
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• 1996

One exotherm was detected in the intact ginseng seeds containing more than 35% water, but in seeds with 20% there was no exotherm. The shapes of exotherm were remarkably uniform without relation to water content above 35%. The temperature at the initiation of freezing varied from -3.5$^{\circ}C$ to -9.6$^{\circ}C$ with the different water content in the seeds, and the Initial temperature of freezing delayed with the decrease of water content. The resistance damage at low temperature appeared in order of maln body, rhizome, lateral root of 3-year-old yearling rhizome, and fine root of 3-year-old. Ginseng roots didn't receive any damage at -5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Otherwise they received serious damage below -1$0^{\circ}C$ even for 5 hours'exposure. Hence, alternative low temperature gave more severe damage compared to constant low temperature. This result suggests that the Possibility of receiving injury at low temperature was higher during the thawing season of the early spring than in the winter.