• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.325-335
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• 1992

In this work, direct contact 4-stage fluidized bed heat exchanger is experimentally studied to develop a new type of heat exchanger which recovers the energy contained in the high temperature waste gas exhausted from the industrial furnaces. A sand is used as a heat transfer medium in this experiment. To determine the optimum operating condition, 11 different perforated plates which have a different free area ratio with different hole diameter are used in the experiment. From the room temperature experiment, the pressure drop which is caused by fluidized bed formation is observed. The high temperature experiment is carried out to seek the optimum operating condition of high heat efficiency at low heat exchanger operation cost. The results of experiment are as following. The pressure drop in the high temperature condition can be predicted from the results of the room temperature experiment. And Nusselt number becomes smaller due to the increased interference between sand particles as Reynolds number increases when the dilute phase fluidized beds are formed in nigh temperature condition. But heat transfer amount through the total sand surface area become larger due to the large resident amount of sand. Considering the heat transfer amount and the heat exchanger operation cost, perforated plates which have either a 30% or 35% of free area ratio with 15mm of hole diameter are best fitted for our goal of this work. The values of .phi. which is a dimensionless number representing the absorption heat amount per unit sand rate are in the range from 0.4 to 0.5, when Reynolds number of waste gas ranges from 25-30 with these perforated plates.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2003

To find out heating load and to determine the power of heat pump compressor for the Ondol room heating the COP of heat pump, the variation of Ondol room air temperature, the variation of ambient temperature and power consumption of heat pump are analyzed. The results from this study were summarized as follows: 1. The COP of the heat pump in close loop decreased as the ambient air temperature. The COP was 2.26 when the temperature difference of condenser was $20\pm3^{\circ}C$. 2. The Ondol surface temperature was $25\pm3^{\circ}C$ when the hot water of $40^{\circ}C$ was supplied from hot water storage tank to the Ondol and the temperature difference between the Ondol surface and the room air temperature was $7~8^{\circ}C$. 3. The ratio of thermal conduction heating load to total heating load in Ondol heating space was found to be 83% and ratio of ventilation heating load was 17%. Therefore, the thermal conduction heating load was confirmod to be a major heating load in Ondol heating space. 4. In case of the ambient temperature of $3.2^{\circ}C$, the efficiency of heat exchange of Ondol heating system was 85%. 5. The heating load per Ondol heating surface area and volume of Ondol room space were theoretically analyzed. In case of the room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and the ambient temperature of $-3.2~3.8^{\circ}C$, the heating load per Ondol surface area was 115.8~167.6kJ/h ㆍ㎥ and per Ondol mom space volume was 50.2~72.7kJ/h ㆍ㎥. 6. The compressor power of heat pump fur the Ondol room heating could be determined with the heating load analyzed in this study In case of the Ondol room air temperature of 17~2$0^{\circ}C$ and the ambient temperature of -5~3.8$^{\circ}C$, the compressor power of heat pump per Ondol surface area was analyzed to be $2.3\times10^{-2}psm^2$, and per volume of Ondol room space $1.0\times10^{-2}1.4\times10^{-2}ps/m^2$ps.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and use change of the private space according to the balcony expansion and use it as the data of plan design. According to Bay, front length/width ratio and the change of balcony space before and after expansion of space organization of house units were analyzed. Common characteristics of Flat type and Tower type are an increase of the frontage length of house units in an apartment, an increase of the number of front bay, and an increase of integrated LDK focusing on living room. A difference is that Flat type shows high frontage ratio, Bay figure, and spatial arrangement favorable to front openness and lighting. Flat type shows higher area distribution than Tower type in LDK area distribution located in at the plane center. Spatial expandability and visual openness of Flat type are more beneficial than those of Tower type in the planning, and a balcony extension of house units has developed to direction to open more. Tower type creates various block images through a combination of house units focusing on the core. Uses after balcony expansion are area expansion of a balcony-neighboring room, storage space, expansion and function improvement of the variable range, and specialized space different from a neighboring room. In addition, there is no escapable space except for a shelter, so unit plan should be prepared to prevent using it other space of a shelter and to solve moving line of two-way horizontal refuge and vertical refuge.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 1985

This paper aims to present the basic data to establish resonable building maintenance standards by investigating and analyzing the actual conditions of maintenance for service facilities and the problems due to the situation. The subject buildings of investigation are 10 stories and above off ice buildings in Seoul. The results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. The equipment service life related to air-conditioning system is known as around 9years in case of breakdown maintenance and around 13 years in case of preventive maintenance. 2. The total mechanical room area against the total floor area is $4.40\%$, and the ratio of air-conditioning room area is $1.78\%$ on an average.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2001

This study is about the Spatial Composition and Area Calculation in Plastic Surgical Clinics. 1. The space of the plastic surgical clinics are divided into 4 sections; exam, exam support, the staffs, and waiting and reception area. 2. The average G/N ratio of width was 1.46. The Plastic surgical clinics which had great deviation in the ratio showed these characteristics; first, when they were planned at first, the operation rooms were not assigned enough space; second. space for supporting exam and the activities of staffs was given too little consideration in their first drafts. 3. The average size of operation rooms was $21.76m^2$. The most desirable size was found to be $26.4m^2$ when we put the number of staffs, the movement area of stretcher, and the movement lines of operation room into consideration.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.74-77
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• 2003

After the Enforcement of Price Deregulation of Apartment, Apartment house get down to originality goods, The Housing Market have reorganized the nucleus by a user, have demanding the development for discriminative unit plan. The purpose of this study is that before and after the Price Decontrol of Apartment take part a variety of unit plan, search for transformation factor and analyze into the tendency of the distinction plan of Housing Goods. Before and after the Price Decontrol of Apartment, Apartment unit have analyzed from 85 $m^2$ till 152 $m^2$ private area; ten corporations of civil construction' unit in Seoul and The national capital region supply apartment, will supply apartment. For selected examples, first, unit plan is normalized from the ratio of front to side wall, bay, a Room' organization and a kind of Room, number, and for examples of unit plan of apartment, the examples were analyzed with respect to change of a Room' organization and the number of a room and the ratio of front wall to side wall for item investigated. Finally, I search out course of transformation tendency of an apartment unit plan after Enforcement of Price Deregulation and analyzed a factor. The results of the study are follows, after Enforcement of Price Deregulation, unit plan of apartment lead to change lay out, to secure each family's privacy, to secure feeling for open hearted, tendency of flexibility.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

Nursing Homes are different from other medical facilities, because they have a living space. And most of residents in a nursing home have dementia, therefore nursing homes are in control of outdoor activities for resident's safety and most of residents live in the living room at the daytime. The purpose of this study is analysis of spacial behaviors of residents in the living room, and reflection of the analysis into the architectural plan of nursing homes.There are two activities, individual activity and social interchange activity, in a living room and the role of a living room is semi-private space that includes both of them. Most numerous activities are watching TV and take a eat. Activities are different in accordance with the position at the living room. Individual activity and social interchange activity is same ratio in the middle and the ratio of social interchange activities are more than individuals in outside of living room. but alcove use of private.The types of living rooms are distinguished by combination of functions of livingroom, activity-room, and diningroom. The activity of use of residents have been shown different phases following the types of livingroom. The type of combination has been seen high rate of use and private activities and social communications are expressed evenly. The type of mixing has been seen low rae of use, but two activities, the above, are equal. The type of separation has been seen not only low rate of use, but also there has been only private activities.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2012

Window and shading designs have a great influence on energy consumption and daylighting in buildings. As far as energy is concerned, small window area is advantageous. But it is not good to the patient healing in hospital. So it is important to find out the optimum window shape which is favorable for both energy consumption and patient healing. In this study, annual energy consumption and daylight illumination levels were analyzed according to the window shapes and shading devices for a multi-beded patient room in hospitals. The simulations were conducted for 19 different cases by COMFEN 4.0 computer simulation program. The results of this paper are as follows. First, window to wall area ratio and shading devices have great influences on annual energy consumption. But it is a problem in that they decrease significantly daylight level in bed room. Second, considering the same energy consumption, reducing the width of window rather than the hight of window is desirable for the secure of daylight level. Third, increase of the number of horizontal shade is not desirable in south face of the building for the energy consumption and daylight level. Fourth, sun shade is not necessary in north face of the building for the energy consumption and daylight level.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for establishing school education environment protection measures, on the basis of comparing and analyzing the realities and students' recognition degree of the environment and hygiene around the middle and high schools located in the rural areas. These study data were investigated by the self-administered questionnaires, taking as subject the 805 students in the middle and high schools located rural areas. And the results were as follows: First, as the result of having investigated the distribution degree of harmful environment within the purification zone around schools, it was found out that students responded: within the purification zone around the middle school, there were cartoon rooms (46.2％), electronic game rooms (45.9％), and singing rooms (45.0％). within the purification zone around the high school, there were electronic game rooms (46.3％), singing rooms (42.3％), billiard halls (41.4％), PC rooms (40.1 ％), and Soju-room (35.2％). Secondly, as having analyzed student's recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school, it was found out that middle school students responded that sexual utensils-treating shops (3.74 points) were most harmful, and next corrupted bathhouses (3.52 points), and Soju-room (3.47 points), and high school students also responded relating to harmfulness in a similar sequence. Thirdly, in case of students' recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school according to general characteristics, 1) girl students had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than boy students (p〈0.001). 2) groups of students whose living standard was high had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose living standard was low (p〈0.05). 3) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the factory or the shopping area (p〈0.01). 4) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the amusement area or the shopping area (p〈0.05). Fourthly, 1) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced most highly the behavior of drinking and smoking, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (22.5％) and high school students did so in the singing room (31.4％), and high school students had a very high experience ratio of drinking and smoking, compared with middle school students (p〈0.001). 2) relating to the harmful shops where they could get in contact with lewd articles, both of middle school students (5.3％) and high school students (8.3％) responded that they could do so in the video room. 3) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced unsound opposite sex acquaintance, both of middle school students (5.8％) and high school students (16.6％) responded that they did so most highly in hotels, and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of unsound opposite sex acquaintance, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 4) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced violence, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (14.0％) and then in the singing room (3.7％), and high school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (9.3％), the nightclub (4.6％), Soju-room (4.1 ％), and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of violence, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 5) relating to the harmful places where they experienced drugs both of middle school students (0.8％) and high school students (2.4％) responded that they did so in the hotels. Fifthly, when going to the harmful shops, students had the experience of being guided and regulated roughly 1 time - 2 times, and middle school students (16.4％) and high school students (16.7％) had almost similar experience ratios of being guided and regulated. Conclusively, there was a limit in controlling the environment and purification zone only by legal regulations and institutional controls, the self-control purification effort for the school and the surrounding environment was required greatly, in order to protect students from harmful environment. In addition, the constant study to establish the educational environment purification measures must be carried out.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2009

In engine room, proper enclosure system is preferable for reducing noise level but the enclosure system in the engine room causes bad influence on cooling performance due to poor ventilation. Cooling efficiency of the enclosure system can be improved by varying fan speed and proper flow path for ventilation. In this study, numerical analysis is performed to assess cooling effect of the enclosure system using finite volume method. The RNG k-$\varepsilon$ model is adopted for turbulence model along with heat exchanger model and porous media model for heat exchanger analysis, and moving reference frame model for rotational fan. Verification result shows reasonable agreement with experimental data. Analysis results show direct effect of velocity and temperature distribution on cooling ability in the enclosure system. Enclosure system of case B shows high heat transfer coefficient and has the smallest area ratio of opened flow passages which is good for noise level reduction.