• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3075-3078
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• 2013

Background: KLK3 gene products, like human prostate-specific antigen (PSA), are important biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). G protein-coupled receptor RFX6, C2orf43 and FOXP4 signaling plays important roles in the development of PCa. However, associations of these genes with PCa in northern Chinese men remain to be detailed. This study aimed to investigate their impact on occurrence and level of malignancy. Methods: All subjects were from Beijing and Tianjin, including 266 cases with prostate cancer and 288 normal individuals as controls. We evaluated associations between clinical covariates (age at diagnosis, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, tumor stage and aggressive) and 6 candidate PCa risk loci, genotyped by PCR- high resolution melting curve and sequencing methods. Results: Case-control analysis of allelic frequency of PCa associated with PCa showed that one of the 6 candidate risk loci, rs339331 in the RFX6 gene, was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.57-0.94, P = 0.013) in northern Chinese men. In addition, subjects with CX (CC+TC) genotypes had a decreased risk for prostrate cancer compared to those carrying the TT homozygote (OR =0.64, 95% CI = 0.45- 0.90, P = 0.008). The TT genotype of 13q22 (rs9600079, T) was associated with tumor stage (P=0.044, OR=2.34, 95% CI=0.94-5.87). Other SNPs were not significantly associated with clinical covariates in prostate cancer (P > 0.05). Conclusions. rs339331 in the RFX6 gene may be associated with prostate cancer as a susceptibility locus in northern Chinese men.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.350-357
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• 2006

For the purpose of this study, the characteristics of surface flow through the survey of rainfall intensity and degree of slope on fire sites by using rainfall simulator was examined and analysed. And also the relationship between the amount of surface flow and rainfall intensity, degree of slope and elapsed year after forest fire occurrence influencing on the surface flow were analysed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The amount of surface flow by year of occurrence of forest fire was increased 2,2 to 3,2 times as rainfall intensity was increased by 30 mm/hr, and 1.5 to 1.9 times as degree of slope was increased by $10^{\circ}$, 2, Even though ground vegetation in forest fire sites was recovered more than 80%, the amount of surface flow in initial rainfall was relatively much and it seemed that vegetation didn't play substantial roles in reducing runoff. 3, The amount of surface flow by rainfall intensity and degree of slope in accordance with elapsed years after forest fire was reduced 22,3% to 41,8% in three years after fire as compared to the first year of fire occurrence. The amount of surface flow were significantly differentiated by rainfall intensity and degree of slope in the first year of fire occurrence and the difference were gradually reduced afterwards. 4. In the analysis on influences of each factors on the amount of surface flow on forest fire sites, the amount of surface flow was significant differences in major impacts of each rainfall intensity, degree of slope and elapsed year after fire and interaction of rainfall intensity ${\times}$ degree of slope and rainfall intensity ${\times}$ elapsed year after fire, but no differences were observed in interaction of degree of slope ${\times}$ elapsed year after tire and rainfall intensity ${\times}$ degree of slope ${\times}$ elapsed year after tire. Rainfall intensity was the most affecting factor on the amount of surface flow and followed by degree of slope and elapsed year after fire.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.10 s.267
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• pp.759-764
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• 2006

Background: We analyzed post-operative angiography performed in symptomatic patients to evaluate the patency rates and the roles of grafts. Material and Method: We reviewed 52 (15%) coronary angiograms performed for recurrent angina after prior coronary artery bypass surgery from January 1995 to June 2005. A total of 345 patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery during this period. There were 41 men and 11 women and the mean age was $64.07{\pm}15.58$ years. The median period from operation to re-angiogram was 68.5 months (range, 1 to 126 months). The numbers of grafts and peripheral anastomoses were 42 and 43 for internal thoracic artery (ITA), 14 and 20 for radial artery (RA), and 49 and 89 for saphenous vein. The mean number of anastomosis was 2.9 per patient, Result: The patency rates of ITA, RA and saphenous vein graft (SVG) were 37/43 (86%), 17/20 (85%) and 34/89 (38.2%). The patency rate of arterial grafts was significantly higher than that of SVG (p< 0.001) and the patency rate of the RA was comparable to that of ITA (p=0.942). The patency rate of sequential SVGs was higher than that of single SVG (40.3% vs 31.8%, p=0.478) and the patency rate of proximal segments in sequential anastomosis was higher than that in single anastomsis (55.6% vs 31.8%, p=0.097), but statistically not significant. Conclusion: Arterial grafts have markedly superior patency rates than SVGs, so consideration should be given to the vigorous use of arterial grafts. The patency rate of the RA was comparable to that of ITA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1371-1377
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• 2014

Superoxide dismutase is a family of important antioxidant metalloenzymes and catalyzes the dismutation of toxic superoxide anions into dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. A recent study identified the partial superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The same study reported that it strongly induced benzo[a]pyrene and that it was an indicator of aquatic oxidative stress responses. However, its transcriptional response against viral infection has not been investigated. In the present study, the spatial and temporal expression profiles were analyzed to investigate the function of Of-SOD in the antiviral response. The Of-SOD transcripts were ubiquitously detected at various levels in diverse tissues in a real-time PCR. The expression of Of-SOD was significantly higher in the muscles, liver, and brain but extremely low in the stomach and spleen. Following a VHSV challenge, the expression of Of-SOD increased within 3 h in the kidneys and decreased to the original level 2 days postchallenge. In muscle, liver, and brain, Of-SOD mRNA was similarly up-regulated at 3-6 h postchallenge and then decreased to the basal level. Although the expression pattern and induction time differed slightly depending on the tissue, the transcript of Of-SOD consistently increased in the acute infection response, but the expression was low in the chronic response. The expression of Of-SOD was induced after the VHSV infection, and Of-SOD was probably involved in the immune response against the viral challenge. These results suggest that SOD may play important roles in the immune defense system of P. olivaceus and perhaps contribute to the protective effects against oxidative stress in olive flounder.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 2004

In order to characterize ion channels present in tomato roots, microsomes were incorporated into an artificial lipid bilayer arranged for electrophysiological analysis. Of the five different ion channels that could be found, a channel of 450 pS conductance was found most frequently. This channel displayed subconductance states of 450, 257 and 105 pS. All subconductance states showed linear current-voltage relationships. At positive holding potentials, high frequency of transient channel openings was observed; however, at negative potentials, the open times were long and open probability high. Po was 0.83 at -40 mV. When an additional 50 mM $K^+\;or\;Na^+$ was added to the cis side of bilayer, the reversal potentials shifted in the negative direction to near -10 mV. Thus, the 450 pS cation channel selects poorly between $K^+\;and\;Na^+$. In the presence of $100\;{\mu}M$ metal ions, the channel activity was severely inhibited by $La^{3+},\;Ba^{2+},\;and\;Zn^{2+}$, and Po was decreased to 0.2 or even less. However, $Al^{3+}\;and\;Cd^{2+}$ decreased the activity by only 20%. Interestingly, each metal ion showed different kinetics of channel inhibition. While $500\;{\mu}M\;La^{3+}$ inhibited the activities of all subconductance state, 1 mM $Zn^{2+}$ inhibited all except the 105 pS state. $Cd^{2+}$ changed the gating of the channel from a long-opening state to brief transient openings even at negative holding potentials. These data represent that the metal ions may have different binding sites on the channel protein and could be useful modulators and probes to investigate structural characteristics as well as the functional roles of the 450 pS channel on the root physiology.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment are vegetated by wetland plants. Wetland plants are an important component of wetlands, and the plants have several roles in relation to the livestock wastewater treatment processes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics and nutrient absorption of water plants in constructed wetlands for treating livestock wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, livestock wastewater treatment plant by constructed wetlands consisted of $1^{st}$ water plant filtration bed, $2^{nd}$ activated sludge bed, $3^{rd}$ vertical flow(VF), $4^{th}$ horizontal flow(HF) and $5^{th}$ HF beds. Phragmites communis TRINIUS(PHRCO) was transplanted in $3^{rd}$ VF bed, Iris pseudoacorus L(IRIPS) was transplanted in $4^{th}$ HF bed and PHRCO, IRIPS and Typha orientalis PRESEL(THYOR) were transplanted in $5^{th}$ HF. Growth of water plants in constructed wetlands were the highest in October. The IRIPS growth was higher than other plant as 264 g/plant in October. The absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by IRIS were 3.38 g/plant and 0.634 g/plant, respectively. The absorption of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by water plants were higher in the order of IRIPS > THYOR > PHRCO. CONCLUSION(S): The absorption of nutrients by water plants were higher on the order of IRIPS > THYOR > PHRCO in constructed wetlands for treating livestock wastewater.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.185-207
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• 2006

Predominant explanations of the persistence of sex segregation ill occupations link job choices to profoundly gendered responses to childbearing and other family demands, arguing that women are more likely to seek jobs which are in some sense compatible with motherhood, either because they are family friendly (flexible, low intensity work) or because they are easy to exit and re-enter. In this paper, I examine the effect of occupational sex segregation on job exits into the labor market among women, with a special attention to the role of childbearing and child rearing. I use data from detailed employment histories gathered from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in continuous time event history models. My results indicate that women in female dominated jobs are less likely to exit their jobs than women in other types of occupations. Further this relationship is not shaped by motherhood. While mothers or pregnant women are more likely to leave work, mothers in female-dominated occupations are slightly less likely to leave employment than mothers in other occupations. These results are not consistent with the ideas that women's choice of female-dominated occupations expresses a gendered identity and women strategically seek jobs which accommodate maternal roles. Taken together, my findings do not provide support to the idea that women choose female-dominated occupations because they are easier to integrate with motherhood (except for the pregnancy period).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.271-284
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• 1994

Purpose : Phospholipase C(PLC) isozymes play significant roles in transmembrane signal transduction. PLC-${\gamma}1$ acts as the intracellular effector in signal transduction for cellular proliferation and differentiation. Ras oncoprotein is also involved in cell growth. We determined the biological significance of PLC and ras oncoprotein in regeneration following radiation and the effect of different modes of administration of 5-FU. Materials and Methods : To determine the effect of the administration mode of 5-FU on the regeneration of intestinal mucosa of rats following radiation, we compared the expression of PLC and ras oncoprotein in six groups. Group I had no treatment. Group II received radiation(8 Gy) only. Group III received radiation(8 Gy) and 5-FU(150mg/kg) continuous intravenous (iv) infusion for 12 hours. Group IV received radiation(8 Gy) and 5-FU(750mg/kg) iv bolus injection. Group V received only 5-FU(150mg/kg) continuous iv infusion for 12 hours, Group VI received only 5-FU (150mg/kg) iv bolus injection. Through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of PLC and ras oncoprotein in rat jejunum at 96 hours after radiation or 5-FU administration and at 120 hours after radiation and 5-FU adminstration. We also investigated the histological findings using hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results : In the immunohistochemistry study, PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression was the highest in group III followed by groups II and VI in that order and was weakly positive in groups V and VI. PLC-${\gamma}1$ was hardly detected in the control group. The expression of ras oncoprotein was the same as the PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression for all groups. These results were confirmed by the histological findings regarding the mucosal regeneration. In the immunoblotting analysis, PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression was the highest in group III followed by group IV and II in that order. This difference between the immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry study was due to the high expression of PLC-${\gamma}1$ on the damaged surface epithelium rather than to its expression in the regeneration region as observed in the immunohistochemistry study for group IV. The expression of PLC-${\delta}1$ was positive only in group V and VI, which received both radiation and 5-FU, and the expression of PLC-${\beta}1$ was negligible for all groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that PLC-${\gamma}1$ mediated signal transduetion and ras oncoprotein may have a significant role in mucosal regeneration after radiation, and that continuous iv infusion of 5-FU may induce active regeneration in intestinal mucosa following radiation. In addition, the expression of PLC-${\delta}1$ in combined group of radiation and 5-FU implies that PLC-${\delta}1$ may be involved in signal transduction mediated by concerted action between radiation and 5-FU.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 1999

Background : In sepsis, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species plays key roles in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. The serum antioxidants such as catalase and MnSOD are elevated in sepsis and considered as predictors of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) and prognostic factors of sepsis. Peroxiredoxin(Prx) has recently been known as an unique and major intracellular antioxidant. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Prx I and Prx II in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells(RAW 267.7) after treatment of oxidative stress and endotoxin and measured the amount of Prx I, Prx II and thioredoxin(Trx) in peritoneal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of septic animal model. Methods : Using immunoblot analysis with specific antibodies against Prx I, Prx II and Trx, we evaluated the distribution of Prx I and Prx II in human neutrophil, alveolar macrophage and red blood cell. We evaluated the expression of Prx I and Prx II in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells after treatment of $5\;{\mu}M$ menadione and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and measured the amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx in peritoneal lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals(septic animal model induced with intraperitoneal 6 mg/Kg LPS injection) and those in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals and intravenous septic animals(septic animal model induced with intravenous 5 mg/Kg LPS injection) and compared with the severity of lung inflammation. Results : The distribution of Prx I and Prx II were so different among human neutrophil, alveolar macrophage and red blood cell. The expression of Prx I in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells was increased after treatment of $5\;{\mu}M$ menadione and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide but that of Prx II was not increased. The amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx were increased in peritoneal lavage fluid of intraperitoneal septic animals but were not increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of intraperitoneal and intravenous septic animals regardless of the severity of lung inflammation. Conclusion : As intracellular antioxidant, the expression of Prx I is increased in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells after treatment of oxidative stress and endotoxin. The amount of Prx I, Prx II and Trx are increased in local inflammatory site but not increased in injured lung of septic animal model.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.219-237
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• 2017

Looking into the top-five innovative sectors in Korea's manufacturing and service industries, this study empirically analyzes the effect of innovation performance on R&D investment, which is one of the most important strategic decisions for corporate management. In the midst of an uncertain business environment, R&D investment has been regarded as the most important strategic decision making in corporate management related to innovation. Corporate management, however, tend to be reluctant to make sufficient R&D investment due to the risk of an investment failure. Therefore, having R&D investment by offsetting this risk has been deemed as a key task for corporate management. However, prior studies have failed to identify which factors affect companies' strategic decision making on R&D investment. This study is to remedy this weakness of prior study. Relying on path dependency theory at organization-level and dominant logic at individual-level, this study empirically examines the multiple regression model, which sees entrepreneurial orientation as a positive mediator between innovation performance and R&D investment. The results found in the analysis of 242 local companies in the manufacturing and service sectors represent that innovation performance has a direct and positive effect on R&D investment, while it indirectly affects R&D investment through the mediating roles of entrepreneurial orientation. They also revealed that innovation performance had a meaningful impact on entrepreneurial orientation, which is an inclination to seek innovation, led to R&D investment. The founding of this study imply that innovation performance in the past affects innovation strategies in the future, and such a relationship could be strengthened by entrepreneurial orientation as the dominant logic of corporate management.