• 복식
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• 제2권
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• pp.73-88
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• 1978

This article is an attempt to explain, at least in part, the contemporary Korean women's consciousness of Western Dreasses. As time changes, the role of clothing undergoes varisous transitions, while values and ways of life are constantly in change. It is, therefore, proper and appropriate to recognize as among the major aspects of social psychology such phenomenon as interests, understanding of clothing, the choice of a dress, and attitudes toward clothing, etc. The purpose of this study is to discover problems concerning and their clothing and their solutions, by means of a surveying approach. The method of research used is based upon questionares distributed to parents of first-year pupils in elementary schools and to female clerks working in offices, covering the period from August through October, 1976. The number of the questionares distrubuted totalled 600, and 526 were returned to the research to be utilized for analysis. The contents of the survey included such things as values concerning clothing, kinds of clothing and their practical use, the selection of clothing and the method of purchase, fashions, etc. The classification of aquisition are self-made clothing, clothing made to order and ready-made materials. It is composed of 25 items, including affirmative reasons as well as negative ones. The processing of the material returned was made by using the computer, and based upon classifications such as ages, monthly income, occupations; thus diagraming the result in percentages. The conclusion made and the improvements proposed are as follows: 1. The values of clothing were placed on the expression of the wearer's personality (32.7) and on eauty(28. 6%). The lower age group places is stress upon the expression of personality, while the higher age group stresses beauty. About 50% of wearers are contented with their clothing, their clothing, the rest of whom them indicating their dissatisfaction with what they wear. As to designs at the time of selection, about 46% indicated their preference of personal expression, 31.8% on usefulness. In selecting material, practicality is emphasized; in selecting patterns, single color is preferred. In short, personal expression and esthetic values are primary, with consideration of practicality in mind. 2. The classification of clothing according to their uses indicates the highest numbers in normal wear (home wears) and clothings to be worn outside home. As to evening dresses, (party dress) only one or two articles were checked by many, and no such article was clamed to be possessed by most. The highest ratio of wearing was shown in the case of home wear (47.3%) and clothing to be worn outside the home, which is 55.8%. The budget for one article of clothing was greatest in the case of home wear, and clothing worn outside the home. Many used both kinds of articles for the same purpose. It is desirable, therefore, that the kinds of clothing should be varied according to the purpose for which they are worn, and that clothing appropriate for that purpose should be worn. 3. The motivation for purchasing clothing was highly chosen in the item of seasonal change, which was 55.7%; Clothing deliberately made was indicated by 45.2%. In the mothods of purchasing clothing, clothing made to order and ready-made was indicated by 44.4%, which is the highest; Clothing made to order was 25.4%, and self-sewing was 1.1%, which is the lowest. (1) In the case of self-sewing, "I like it but it is very hard," was checked by 43.6%; "It is so difficult that I cannot wear such clothing" was checked by 13.3%. From these, we can conclude that the questionees are willing to make clothing by themselves, but techniques involved in sewing and at her problems involved in the skill are complicated but when those problems are eliminated there is a possibility for practice. The response checked by questionees concerning the self-sewing was, "It's economical", which is a clear indication that many questionees are positive for self-sewing. It is generally believed that ready-made clothing is cheaper, but it is not necessarily so. In consideration of the quality of clothing, self-sewing is a necessity, and it is desirable that it should be encouraged. (3) Problems involved in ready-made clothing, such as designs, skills, size (fitting) should be eliminated. When these problems are scientifically gotten rid of, it is possible that affirmative returns will be expected. Affirmative responses such as "Ready-made clothing is economical," "You can select there on the spot," are good signs that many women expect to wear ready-made clothing. It is in this sense that the prospect for ready-made clothing is brighter when much development for ready-made clothing is on the way. 4. Much concern for fashion are checked in such item of questions as "Fashionable clothing in the show window," "Clothes worn by women." The first item was checked by 50.1 %, and the second was checked by 48.6%. The reason for following fashion is "Because many people wear them," which was indicated by 30.4%. The reason for not following fashion is "It is too expensive," which was checked by 29.6%. The 26.2% of the answers indicated that "Fashionable clothing is devoid of personality," The influences of fashion over the development of fashion over the development of clothing are two-fold: Esthetic and active. It is not to be deniable that people follow fashion more or less. 1978.9>

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제4호
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

Foreigners who arrived in Korea after the age of enlightenment were Japanese, Chinese and 'Westerners' who were Europeans and Americans. The westerners were diplomats who visited Korea for colonization or for increasing their economical profits by trading after the spread of imperialism, and tourists curious of back countries, artists, explores and missionaries to perform their roles for their religious beliefs. They contacted with Korean cultural and educational people as missionaries and instructors during Japanese colonial period. In 1945, the allied forces occupied Korea under the name of takeover of Japanese colony after Japan's surrender and the relation between foreigners and Korean cultured men enter upon a new phase. For 3 years, American soldiers enforced lots of systems in Korea and many pro-American people were educated. This relationship lasted even after the establishment of the government of Korean Republic and especially, diplomats called as pro-Korean group came again after Korean War. Among them, there were lots of foreigners interested in cultures and arts. In particular, government officials under American Forces who were influential on political circles or diplomats widened their insights toward Korean cultural assets and collected them a lot. Those who were in Korea from the period of independence to 1950s wrote their impressions about Korean cultural assets on newspapers or journals after visiting contemporary Korean exhibitions. Among them, A. J. McTaggart, Richard Hertz and the Hendersons were dominant. They thought the artists had great interests in compromising and uniting the Orient and the West based on their knowledge of Korean cultural assets and they advised. However, it was different from Korean artist's point of view that the foreigners thought Korean art adhered oriental features and contained western contents. From foreigners' point of view, it is hard to understand the attitude Korean artists chose to keep their self-respect through experiencing the Korean war. It is difficult to distinguish their thought about Korean art based on their exotic taste from the Korean artists' local and peninsular features under Japanese imperialism. We can see their thought about Korean art and their viewpoint toward the third world, after staying in Korea for a short period and being a member of the first world. The basic thing was that they could see the potentialities through the worldwide, beautiful Korean cultural assets and they thought it was important to start with traditions. It is an evidence showing Korean artists' pride in regard to the art culture through experiencing the infringement of their country. By writing about illuminating Korean art from the third party's view, foreigners represented their thoughts through it that their economical, military superiority goes with their cultural superiority. The Korean artist's thought of emphasizing Korean history and traditions, reexamining and using it as an original creation may have been inspired by westerners' writings. 'The establishment of national art' that Korean artists gave emphasis then, didn't only affect one of the reactions toward external impact, 'the adhesion of tradition'. In the process of introducing Korean contemporary art and national treasure in America, different view caused by role differences-foreigner as selector and Korean as assistant-showed the fact evidently that the standard of beauty differed between them. By emphasizing that the basis to classify Korean cultural assets is different from the neighborhood China and Japan, they tried to reflect their understanding that the feature of Korean art is on speciality other than universality. And this make us understand that even when Korean artists profess modernism, they stress that the roots are on Korean and oriental tradition. It was obviously a different thought from foreigners' view on Korean art that Korean artists' conception of modernism and traditional roots are inherent in Korean history. In 1950s, after the independence, Korea had different ideas from foreigners that abstract was to be learned from the west. Korea was enduring tough times with their artists' self-respect which made them think that they can learn the method, but the spirit of abstract is in the orient.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제62호
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• pp.135-158
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• 2020

카지노에서는 고객과 종사원의 안전을 관리하는 시큐리티 종사원들이 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 특히 카지노에는 여성 종사원들의 비율이 높으며, 고객들 또한 여성과 남성의 비율이 비슷하기 때문에 여성 고객 혹은 여성 종사원이 사건 사고를 경험할 확률이 남성과 비슷하거나 높을 수도 있는 상황이다. 여성의 사건사고를 처리하는 여성 시큐리티 종사원은 여성 고객과 일반 여성 종사원들에게는 여성만이 할 수 있는 시큐리티 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 하지만 카지노에서 시큐리티 업무를 수행하는 종사원들은 대부분 남성이며, 여성의 비율은 매우 낮다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 카지노에서 여성으로서 시큐리티 업무를 수행하고 있는 종사원들에 관한 연구로서 이들이 카지노에서 시큐리티 업무를 수행하며 경험한 다양한 내용에 대해서 알아보기 위해 질적연구를 진행하였다. 총 5명의 연구 참여자들에게 총 3회에 걸쳐 인터뷰를 실시하여 수집된 자료를 분석하고 범주화 하였다. 첫 번째 질문인 카지노 시큐리티 업무의 시작 동기에 대한 요인은 교수님의 추천, 개인의 정보검색, 지인의 추천이다. 두 번째 질문인 업무 시 필요 능력에 대한 요인은 다양한 운동 능력, 좋은 신체조건, 외국어 능력이다. 세 번째 질문에서 업무의 만족요인은 업무의 희소성, 급여의 만족, 개인의 적성과 일치, 미래에 대한 기대감이며, 업무의 불만족 요인은 업무의 위험성, 고객에 대한 스트레스, 성별에 대한 차별, 주변의 시선, 교대 근무의 피곤함이다. 네 번째 질문에서 여성 카지노 시큐리티 종사원들의 필요성에 대한 요인은 여성 고객에게 차별화된 서비스 제공, 여성 종사원의 보호, 관련 전공 여성에게 기회 제공이다. 이렇게 나온 연구결과에 대해 카지노 시큐리티업무 20년 이상의 전문가와 인터뷰를 실시하였고, 여성 카지노 시큐리티 종사원은 필요요건이기 때문에 제도적, 인식적인 개선을 통해 발전 방향을 모색해야 한다고 하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.378-386
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• 2016

DJ#3과 DJ#13은 항염증질환 소재로서 가능성을 확인하고자 국내 전통식품 풀질인증 된장에서 장기간 숙성된장으로 선발된 시료이다. DJ#3과 DJ#13 추출물의 세포독성을 살펴보기 위하여 혈관내피세포를 이용하여 세포의 생존율을 살펴본 결과 DJ#3과 DJ#13 추출물 모두 $100{\mu}g/mL$의 농도까지 전혀 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 DJ#3과 DJ#13 추출물의 항염증 효과를 TNF-${\alpha}$에 의해 활성화된 혈관내피세포에서의 NO 생성, 염증관련 단백질 발현과 mRNA 유전자 발현의 변화를 통하여 확인하였다. 혈관내피세포에 TNF-${\alpha}$를 처리한 결과 NO의 함량이 유의적으로 감소하였다가 DJ#3과 DJ#13 추출물(20, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$)을 처리하였을 때 유의성은 없으나 증가하였다. 세포배양액내 VCAM-1, ICAM-1 발현을 확인한 결과 혈관내피세포에 TNF-${\alpha}$를 처리한 군에서 증가된 VCAM-1 발현이 DJ#3 추출물 20, $50{\mu}g/mL$에서 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 또한 DJ#3 추출물은 NO 생성과 연관 있는 eNOS mRNA의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며, iNOS mRNA의 발현은 농도 의존적으로 감소하였으며 이는 NO 생성 증가가 iNOS의 발현억제를 경유한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 다수의 항염증 약물들의 작용기전이 되는 COX-2의 생성억제를 살펴본 결과 DJ#3 추출물은 TNF-${\alpha}$에 의해 발현되는 COX-2 단백질의 발현을 억제하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, DJ#3 추출물은 CAMs 단백질 및 mRNA 발현율의 감소됨을 보였다, 이상의 결과로 보아, DJ#3 추출물은 혈관내피세포에서 TNF-${\alpha}$로 유도된 혈관염증을 감소하는 효과를 가지고 있으며, 항염증물질의 연구에 기초 자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 염증과 관련된 cytokine 및 단백질 발현 메커니즘에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2015

목 적 : 하지불안증후군(restless legs syndrome ; RLS)의 병인은 아직 불명확하지만, 유전적 질환으로 알려져 있다. 산화스트레스는 RLS, 지연성운동장애, 파킨슨병, 뚜렛장애 등의 운동장애에서 주요한 원인 중의 하나로 생각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조현병환자에서 항정신병약물에 의해 유발된 RLS 증상이 산화손상의 해독효소인 glutathione S-transferase (GST) 유전자의 다형성과 연관이 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 방 법 : International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group의 진단기준으로 190명의 한국인 조현병 환자들을 대상으로 RLS에 대해서 평가하였다. 유전자형분석은 중합효소연쇄반응기법을 사용하여 GST-M1, GST-T1, GST-P1의 세 가지 단일염기다형성(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)에 대해서 시행되었다. 결 과 : RLS 증상군 96명과 무증상군 94명으로 피험자들을 분류하였다. GST-M1 (${\chi}^2=3.56$, p = 0.059), GST-T1 (${\chi}^2=0.51$, p = 0.476), GST-P1 (${\chi}^2=0.57$, p = 0.821)의 유전자형 빈도에 두 군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 유전자형에 따른 RLS 척도의 점수도 GST-M1 (t = -1.54, p = 0.125), GST-T1 (t = -0.02, p = 0.985), GST-P1 (F = 0.58, p = 0.560)의 세 가지 SNP에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 본 연구의 결과 GST 유전자 다형성이 항정신병약물로 유발된 RLS 증상 발생의 민감성을 증가시킨다는 증거는 발견할 수 없었다. 산화손상과 관련된 다른 후보 유전자들에 대한 향후 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.1663-1670
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• 2012

Primary culture된 연골세포 in vitro 실험모델을 이용하여 칠레와 덴마크 두 지역으로부터 생산된 로즈힙 추출물의 관절염 관련 효과를 비교 확인하였다. 먼저 MTT 시험법을 통해 세포 사용 적정농도를 600 ${\mu}g/mL$ 이하로 결정하였고 이를 근간으로 연골세포사멸억제, 염증관련인자(TNF-${\alpha}$, NO, Cox-2) 및 연골세포조직의 이화작용과 동화작용에 관여하는 인자의 유전적 발현을 측정하였다. $H_2O_2$ 처리에 따른 산화적 독성으로 연골세포 사멸을 유도한 실험에서 로즈힙 추출물은 정상세포 수준으로 사멸을 억제하였으며 이러한 효과는 칠레산에서 비교적 높게 나타났다. TNF-${\alpha}$의 생성 억제는 로즈힙 추출물 처리 시 27.4~31.9% 정도의 저해효과가 나타났지만 농도 의존적이지는 않았으며 두 지역 간의 유의성도 나타나지 않았다. NO의 생성 억제의 경우 농도의존적인 감소를 보였으며 고농도에서는 덴마크산이 보다 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다. Cox-2의 발현억제는 농도의존적인 경향을 나타내었으며 칠레산에서 다소 효과적인 것으로 여겨졌다. 연골세포조직의 동화작용과 이화작용에 관여하는 인자들 중 동화작용 인자인 collagen type I의 경우 고농도에서 정상세포 수준으로 발현을 촉진시킨 것으로 나타났지만 collagen type II의 발현에는 영향이 없었음을 확인하였다. 특히 aggrecan의 경우는 정상세포군에 비해서는 미비하였지만 $H_2O_2$ 처리군에 비해서는 유의적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 측정하였던 동화작용 인자들 중에서는 지역적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 이화작용에 관여하는 인자로서 MMP3, 7, 13의 유전자 발현을 측정한 결과 $H_2O_2$ 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 감소시킨 것으로 확인되었는데, 특히 MMP13에서 가장 큰 감소 효과를 나타내었다. 두 지역 간의 비교에서는 MMP3의 경우 고농도에서 덴마크산이 다소 효과가 높은 것으로 인지된 반면, MMP7, 13의 경우는 지역적인 차이가 유의적으로 나타나지는 않았다. 실험한 결과를 종합해 보면 로즈힙 추출물은 primary culture된 in vitro 실험모델에서 관절염 형성 억제효과가 있을 것으로 확인되었지만 지역적인 차이는 크지 않은 것으로 생각된다. 본 실험의 한계점으로는 기존에 사용되던 관절염 치료제 또는 건강기능식품을 양성대조군으로 사용하지 못하였기 때문에 로즈힙 추출물의 효과를 정량화하여 비교하지 못한점이 있음으로 향후 이 점을 보완할 필요성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.33-45
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1992

토양수분(土壤水分)의 상태(狀態)가 콩의 지하부(地上部) 및 뿌리의 생육(生育)과 P, K흡수(吸收)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 알아보기 위하여 강수(降水)가 차단(遮斷)된 비닐하우스 내(內)에서 지하수위(地下水位)를 20cm, 40cm 그리고 60cm로 조절(調節)된 상태(狀態)의 mini-rhyzotron에서 팔달콩을 재배(栽培)하였다. 이와 비교(比較)하기 위하여 1/2000a Wagner 포트에서 단장용수량(團場容水量)으로 유지(維持)된 적습상태(適濕狀態)와 유효수분(有效水分)의 80%가 소모(消耗)되어 토양수분(土壤水分)이 부족(不足)한 상태(狀態)를 비교(比較)하였다. 각 포트에 발아(發芽)된 콩을 심어 세 개씩의 개체(個體)를 재배(栽培)하여 재배(栽培) 37일(日) 째와 수확기(收穫期)에 식물체(植物體)의 지상부(地上部) 및 뿌리를 채취(採取)하여 분석(分析)하였다. 지상부(地上部) 및 뿌리의 생육(生育)은 토양수분(土壤水分)이 부족(不足)한 처리(處理)와 지하수위(地下水位)가 20cm로 높아 과습상태(過濕狀態)가 유지(維持)된 처리(處理)에서 제한(制限)되었다. 적습유지(適濕維持) 처리(處理)와 지하수위(地下水位) 및 60cm 유지(維持) 처리(處理) 간(間)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다. 생육초기(生育初期)에 식물체(植物體) 지상부(地上部)의 P 및 K의 함량(含量)은 토양수분(土壤水分)이 부족(不足)한 처리(處理)에서 적습유지(適濕維持) 처리(處理)에서보다 높았으며, 후기(後期)에는 적습유지(適濕維持) 처리(處理)에서 높았다. 전체(全體) 흡수량(吸水量)은 건물중(乾物重)이 많은 적습유지(適濕維持) 처리(處理)에서 많았다. 뿌리의 건물중(乾物重)과 길이는 지상부(地上部)보다 더 크게 영향(影響)을 받았다. 토양수분(土壤水分)의 상태(狀態)의 차이(差異)에 의하여 뿌리의 형태해부학적(形態解副學的) 차이(差異)가 있음이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 적습유지(適濕維持) 처리(處理)에서는 정상적(正常的)인 치밀(緻密)한 cortex조직(組織)이 발달(發達)되었으나, 지하수위(地下水位)가 높아 토양수분(土壤水分)이 과다(過多)한 상태(狀態)에서 생육(生育)한 뿌리에서는 비정상적(非正常的)인 cortex조직(組織)에 aerenchyma가 형성(形成)되었다. Aerenchma는 내초(內梢)의 분열조직(分裂組織) 부근을 중심(中心)으로 형성(形成)되었다. 이 시험조건(試驗條件)에서 발견(發見)된 콩의 뿌리에서 aerenchyuma의 형성(形成)은 과다(過多)한 토양수분(土壤水分) 조건(條件)에 대한 콩 식물체(植物體)의 적응성(適應性)의 하나로 판단(判斷)되며, 우리나라에서 논뚝과 같이 토양수분(土壤水分)이 과다(過多)한 조건(條件)에서 콩의 재배(栽培)가 가능(可能)한 이유(理由) 중(中)의 하나로 보아진다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.733-739
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• 2009

본 연구는 설악산 지역 인제군과 지리산 지역 산청군 그리고 남원시 잣나무 연륜생장과 주요 기후인자인 월별 온도와 강수량간의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 측정된 연륜생장량은 크로스데이팅과 기후인자간의 상관관계를 분석하였으며, 주요 기후인자는 전년도 8월부터 당해연도 9월까지의 월별 평균온도와 강수량을 이용하였다. 설악산 지역인 인제군의 경우 당해연도 4월, 5월 그리고 6월, 8월의 온도와 부의 상관을, 강수량의 경우 전년도 생장기 8월과 10월 그리고 생장기인 당해연도 4월과 8월의 강수가 정의 상관을 보이고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 산청군에서는 온도의 경우 전년도 9월과 당해연도 8월의 온도가 부의 상관을, 당해연도 1월의 온도는 정의 상관으로 나타났으며, 강수량의 경우 전년도 9월과 당해연도 8월이 정의 상관을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 남원시의 경우 온도와의 관계에서는 전년도 생장기 8월과 10월 그리고 당해연도 6월이 부의 상관을 보이고 있으며, 당해연도 2월의 경우 잣나무의 연륜생장에 정의 상관을 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 강수량의 경우 전년도 생장기 8월과 당해연도 5월과 8월이 정의 상관을 보여주고 있다. 조사지역 모두 강수에 대하여 정의 상관을 보이고 있는데 이러한 결과는 고온에 따른 토양수분의 감소와 이로 인한 수분스트레스가 임목의 생육에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 조사지역의 임분구조와 입지환경 그리고 미세기후에 의한 차이가 지역간 기후반응이 다르게 나타나는 것으로 판단된다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.147-211
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• 1995

Medication is a kind of medical service and a therapeutic nursing function which takes large portion of nursing service and requires complicated procedures. So many different medical personnel should be involved and cooporate each other in order to accomplish medication. Medication is also a vital nursing service, So nurse feels heavy responsibi lity in that she gives medication to the patient finally, so she has much responsibility if medication error is happened. Therefore it seems very important to clarify the problem of medication system and method, and find the subculture of medication situation because it may promote nursing productivity. The study was conducted to 1. Describe and interpret medication situation. 2. Find out the problem of medication system and method and on alternatives. 3. Compare the medication system and method of hospitals which are located in Seoul with object hospital Ethnographic methodology was used to study medication situation by doing participant observation and interview of health care personnel. Ten nurses and three nurse aids were interviewed. Two residents and internists, two phamacists and two accountants were also interviewed. Data was obtained and analized according to Developmental Research Sequence introduced by Spradly. On the basis of this data the results were as follows. 1. The overall flow of medication system was devided into six stage : first, checking doctor's order : second writing doctor's order, : third, transfering slip into the related departments such as account department, pharmacy : fourth, distribution of medication from pharmacy to unit : fifth, identifing medication by nurses : and finally, medicating to the patient. Behaviorors have been under a lot of stress in that they have to do much works, especially paperworks, So too much time were needed. They also have been suffered interpersonal conflicts among health care personnel and role conflicts in the process of doing medication service. 2. In the process of checking order, the problem was that too much time was required for checking order and paperwork. The more the order changes the more the paperwork is. Nurses have been suffering difficulties in calling internist in order to get bill. Even if writing down slip for medication order is doctor's job, Sometimes nurse has been expected to write slip by doctors or nurse would write slip beacuse of two much complexities and efforts for calling doctors. If the slip were incorrect, much time complicated procedures were more required for correcting it. So delay of administering drug would be resulted consequently. Drugs were delivered from pharmacy to units by delivery agent and phamacist. But because drugs were delivered without arranging room number of patient. Nurse should rearrange drugs in order of the room number So it had made waste time and effort, and Even when emergency drugs were needed, Prompt delivery of drug was not easy because of many reasons. For nurses, it took too long in the identification of the right drug. Actually nurses have heavy burden when medication error happens because nurse is the final actor who gives medication to the patient, So every three shift nurse ought to check drugs as soon as every shift begins. That's why it took too much time due to repeated confirming procedure. When nurses had to go patient room in order to give medications, there were difficulties in watching patient until the patient take medicine correctly. So it was impossible to check every patient wheather he took medicine or not especially in hectic situation. 3. There were many hospitals in Seoul which have similar medication system and method as object hospital according to the results of questionaire. This means that many hospitals have been suffering srimilar problems which were identified in object hospital. 4. Recommendations for promoting simplification of medication system and method were the following : Redesigning of slip from two pieces of paper into one : early discharge announcement system, and slip confirming through computer and controlling of period of prescreption from one day to two or three days : designing personal drug storage box for each patient and using it. If nurses follow the recommendations, they will make medication short & simple, and also have enough time of direct nursing care 5. Even though there were many difficulties in medicating patients. Medication itself has been considered as a caring among nurses because it makes rapport between nurse and patient. So nurses had better accept medication as a portion of nusing service not a original portion of phamacist. There are some limits in this research in terms of confining to only one unit of one hospital, and treating it especially in view of nurses' aspects, So further researchs should be continnued from various kmds of viewpoints of doctors, phamacists and so on. ${\cdot\cdot\cdot}$. Especially esthnographic study of computerized medication system and method seems to be followed.