• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1998

To investigate Phomopsis species causing fruit decays of Japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit, we collected diseased fruits from the fruit markets in 1995 and 1996 respectively. Phomopsis mali Roberts was identified based on cultural characteristics, morphological aspects and pathogenicity. There were no remarkable differences with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ conidia, growth rates and colony characters among the isolates from Japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit. The pathogens grew more than 70 mm on potato dextrose agar in 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The agar was slightly discolored by the production of a reddish purple pigment under the light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. Only $\alpha$ spores of the different isolates of P. mali were formed at 15$^{\circ}C$ and $\beta$ spores were mainly produced at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but and $\alpha$ and $\beta$ spores were produced in approximately equal numbers at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. Pycnidia were a few under the dark condition but were abundant at wide range of 15~3$0^{\circ}C$ under near ultra violet illumination. Conidia were two types : $\alpha$ spores were unicellar, fusoid, hyaline and biguttulate, whereas $\beta$ sores were unicellar, acicular to filiform, straight or hooked and hyaline. An ascigerous stage was not formed in cultures or in nature. Isolates of Phomopsis mali from japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit could infect fruits of apple, pear, apricot, Japanese apricot and kiwifruit. There were some differences in pathogenicity depending on stocks of fruit crops tested.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2005

직경 96 m 까지의 배열을 이용하는 microtremor 방법을 통해 호주의 미고결 제4기 Yarra Delta 퇴적물의 30-50 m 심도까지의 S 파 속도구조를 비파괴적으로 추정할 수 있었다. 두 실트층(Cool Island silt 와 Fishermans Bend silt)이 주해석대상인데, $5\%$의 정밀도로 이 층들의 S 파 속도를 얻을 수 있었으며, 상부의 좀 더 역약한 층(Vs: 130 m/sec) 및 하부의 약간 단단한 층(Vs: 235 m/sec)으로 구별된다. 이 층들 하부에 이미 역층으로 알려진 단단한 층(Vs: 500 - 650 m/sec)도 구별해내었다. 단일 수진기 별로 수평/수직 성분 스펙트럼비를 이용한 지표 횡단 결과로 연약한 실트층 두께의 변화를 빠르게 파악할 수 있으나 단지 정성적이며, 복잡한 지질단면의 경우에 정량적인 S 파 분포를 알기 위해서는 배열방법이 사용되어야 할 것이다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2023

Purpose: The cow's milk-related-symptom-score (CoMiSS) tool was developed as an awareness tool for the assessment of cow's milk-related symptoms in infants or children. Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a noninvasive biomarker of gut inflammation that can be measured in serum and stool. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FC levels and CoMiSS scores in infants with cow's milk protein allergy. Methods: Infants (aged 6-12 months) who were allergic to cow's milk protein were enrolled prospectively. Following completion of the CoMiSS scoring, the infants were divided into group 1 (positive CoMiSS scores ≥12) and group 2 (negative CoMiSS scores <12). FC was measured using immunoassay. Results: Of the 120 infants enrolled in this study, 60 (50.0%) had positive CoMiSS scores (group 1), while 60 (50.0%) had negative scores (group 2). The mean FC level was higher in the infants in group 1 than those in group 2 (2,934.57 ㎍/g vs. 955.13 ㎍/g; p<0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between FC and CoMiSS scores (R=0.168, p<0.0001). A FC level of 1,700 ㎍/g provided a sensitivity of 98.3%, specificity of 93.3%, and accuracy of 95.8% for the diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Conclusion: FC measurement may have a role in the assessing infants with CMPA.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.88-98
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• 2023

Purpose: Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently undergo clinical assessments, involving triadic communication between clinician, parent, and child. During such encounters parents are traditionally the main communicator of information on their child's IBD, including subjective symptom reports. The level of agreement between children and their parents for IBD symptoms is poorly understood, and this study aimed to examine this factor. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among children with IBD, and one parent. A validated paediatric IBD symptom report tool (IBDnow) enabled children and their parent to rate seven pain, well-being, and stool metrics, with dyads completing the tool concurrently. Results were assessed using: Individual agreement: proportion of identical symptom reports by each dyad (ideal score >0.7); Category agreement: percentage of identical reports for IBDnow metrics for the cohort; Inter-rater reliability: Gwet's AC1 coefficient with higher scores indicating better reliability (maximum=1). Results: Seventy-four parent/child dyads participated; child's mean age 12.2 years (standard deviation [SD] 2.9, range 6-16), mean time since diagnosis 2.8 years (SD 3), 54% female, 73% had Crohn's Disease. Mean individual agreement level was 0.6, with 27% of dyads agreeing on ≥6/7 IBDnow metrics. Category agreement was reported by 61% of dyads, 20% of parents overestimated, and 19% underestimated, their child's symptoms. Inter-rater reliability ranged from fair to good. Conclusion: These results should improve clinician awareness of how IBD symptom reports from parents may introduce bias. Children should be considered the most important source of symptom reports, and tools such as IBDnow utilised to enhance communication.

• 한국간담췌외과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a source of major morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment of POPF is mandatory to improve patient outcomes and clinical risk scores may be ombined with postoperative drain fluid amylase (DFA) values to stratify patients. The aim of this pilot study was to etermine if intraoperative fluid amylase (IFA) values correlate with DFA1 and POPF. Methods: In patients undergoing PD from February to November 2020, intraoperative samples of intra-abdominal fluid adjacent to the pancreatic anastomosis were taken and sent for fluid amylase measurement prior to abdominal closure. Data regarding patient demographics, postoperative DFA values, complications, and mortality were prospectively collected. Results: Data were obtained for 52 patients with a median alternative Fistula Risk Score (aFRS) of 9.9. Postoperative complications occurred in 20 (38.5%) patients (five Clavien grade ≥ 3). There were eight POPFs and two patients died (pneumonia/sepsis). There was a significant correlation between IFA and DFA1 (R² = 0.713; p < 0.001) and DFA3 (p < 0.001), and the median IFA was higher in patients with POPF than patients without (1,232.5 vs. 122; p = 0.0003). IFA > 260 U/L predicted POPF with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 88.0%, 75.0%, 39.0%, and 97.0%, respectively. The incidence of POPF was 43.0% in high-risk (high aFRS/IFA) and 0% in lowrisk patients (low aFRS/IFA). Conclusions: IFA correlated with POPF and may be a useful adjunct to clinical risk scores to stratify patients during PD. Larger, prospective studies are needed to determine whether IFA has clinical utility.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.127-148
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• 1990

이 논문의 기본목표는 Bain 이래 논란의 대상이 되어 온 기존기업들에 의한 진입제한가격(進入制限價格)의 형성이 일반적으로 가능한가, 가능하다면 어떠한 메커니즘을 통해 형성되는 가를 밝히고, 진입제한가격이론(進入制限價格理論)이 한국경제에 갖는 의의를 찾아보는데 있다, 이 논문에서 밝혀질 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다수의 기존기업(旣存企業)이 각자의 이윤극대화(利潤極大化)를 추구하며 카르텔을 형성하지 않는 때에도 기존기업(旣存企業)과 잠재적(潛在的) 신규기업간(新規企業間)에 정보의 불균형이 존재하는 경우 진입제한가격(進入制限價格)이 채택될 가능성이 있다. 둘째, 이러한 과점기업(寡占企業)들에 의한 진입제한가격형성(進入制限價格形成)은 암묵적 담합의 새로운 형태로 해석할 수 있다. 셋째, 진입제한가격형성(進入制限價格形成)은 각종 회계자료(會計資料)가 공표되지 않을 경우에 가능하다. 넷째, 기존기업(旣存企業)의 수(數)가 증가하여 산업(産業)이 완전경쟁산업(完全競爭産業)에 접근해 감에 따라 진입제한가격(進入制限價格)이 형성될 가능성은 사라지게 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1438-1445
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Zn level on performance, serum Zn concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and immune response of pigs inoculated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized design. Factors included; 1) PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae inoculation (n=36 pigs) or sham inoculation (n=36 pigs) with media when pigs entered the grower facility (d 0) at 9 weeks of age and 2) 10, 50, 150 ppm supplemental Zn sulfate (${ZnSO}_4$) from weaning until the completion of the study, or 2,000 ppm supplemental ${ZnSO}_4$for two weeks in the nursery and then supplementation with 150 ppm ${ZnSO}_4$for the remainder of the trial. The basal diet contained 34 ppm Zn. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 10, 17, 24 and 31 and blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Pigs inoculated with PRRSv were serologically positive at d 28 and control pigs remained negative to PRRSv. In contrast, the M hyopneumoniae inoculation was inconsistent with 33.3% and 52.8% of pigs serologically positive at d 28 in the control and infected groups, respectively. A febrile response was observed for approximately one week after inoculation with PRRSv. Feed intake (p<0.01) and gain (p<0.1) were less in PRRSv infected pigs than control pigs for the 31 d study. However, performance did not differ among pigs in the four levels of ${ZnSO}_4$. Assessments of immune responses failed to provide unequivocal influence of either PRRSv inoculation or ${ZnSO}_4$level. These data suggest that PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae act to produce some performance deficits and the influence of Zn supplementation of nursery age pigs does not have clear effect in grower pigs affected with disease.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 1980

각종 살균제를 다년간 사용한 사과원과 전연 사용하지 않았는 사과원에서 채취한 반점낙엽병 이병엽 원반에 각살균제를 처리한 후 Alternaria mali의 분생포자 형성을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 살균제 사용여부와는 관계없이 양사과원의 이병엽원반상에서 공히 Rovral은 그 권장농도 $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ 및 보다 저농도와 고농도에서 가장 높은 포자형성억제효과를 보였다. Antracol, Dithane M-45, 및 Dikar는 각각 그 권장농도 $0.7{\mu}g,\;0.75{\mu}g$, 및 $0.7{\mu}g/ml$ 그리고 보다 고농도에서 양사과원의 이병엽원반상의 포자형성을 완전히 억제하였으나, 보다 저농도에서는 $10,000\~25,000/ml$의 포자를 형성시켰다. 각종 살균제를 사용한 사과원의 이병엽원반상에서 Polyoxin 및 Difolatan은 태자형성억제효과가 낮아서 대조구의 $30,000/ml$에 비하여 $20,000/ml$의 포자를 형성시했으나, 살균제를 사용하지 않았는 사과원의 이병엽원반상에서는 비교적 높은 포자형성억제효과를 보였다. Captan, Dakonil, 및 Spat의 포자형성억제효과는 상기한 살균제보다 낮았으며, Bayleton은 사과반점낙엽병균의 포자형성억제효과가 거의 없었고, Benlate는 오히려 그 포자형성을 촉진시켰다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2001

In Recent results suggested that doping $Ta_2O_5$ with a small amount of $TiO_2$ using standard ceramic processing techniques can increase the dielectric constant of $Ta_2O_5$ significantly. In this paper, this concept is studied using RTCVD (Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition). Ti-doped $Ta_2O_5$ films are deposited using $TaC_{12}H_{30}O_5N$, $C_8H_{24}N_4Ti$, and $O_2$ on both Si and $NH_3$-nitrided Si substrates. An $NH_3$-based interface layer at the Si surface is used to prevent interfacial oxidation during the CVD process and post deposition annealing is performed in $H_2/O_2$ ambient to improve film quality and reduce leakage current. A sputtered TiN layer is used as a diffusion barrier between the Al gate electrode and the $TaTi_xO_y$ dielectric. XPS analyses confirm the formation of a ($Ta_2O_5)_{1-x}(TiO_2)_x$ composite oxide. A high quality $TaTi_xO_y$ gate stack with EOT (Equivalent Oxide Thickness) of $7{\AA}$ and leakage current $Jg=O.5A/textrm{cm}^2$ @ Vg=-1.0V has been achieved. We have also succeeded in forming a $TaTi_x/O_y$ composite oxide by rapid thermal oxidation of the as-deposited CVD TaTi films. The electrical properties and Jg-EOT characteristics of these composite oxides are remarkably similar to that of RTCVD $Ta_2O_5, suggesting that the dielectric constant of $Ta_2O_5$ is not affected by the addition of $TiO_2$.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.807-819
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of a 12-week low-intensity exercise program on muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and cognitive characteristics related to the performance of activity of daily living(ADL). A total of 16 patients who were admitted to the medical unit of a general hospital in ChoongChung province were recruited, eight for the exercise group and eight for the comparison group. Four levels of low-intensity exercise from 'ROM on bed' to 'exercise while walking' were then applied to the exercise group according to their physical condition. During hospitalization, patients in the exercise group performed each level of the prescribed exercise with the researchers until they felt comfortable doing it independently. The researchers also visited the patients' homes after discharge to make sure they could perform the exercise with Theraband in their living environment. The exercise group was contacted by phone once a week to assess the frequency and intensity in which they performed the exercise as well as their physical condition. The subjects in the comparison group participated in measurements for the study without performing the exercise and were contacted by phone after discharge, in a matched time frame with the exercise group, to assess physical condition. Muscle strength, flexibility, balance, cognitive characteristics, and performance of ADL for the two groups were compared at the pretest and the posttest after the low-intensity exercise program by utilizing SPSSWIN and the results are as follows : 1) At the postest, measurements of muscle strengths showed that the strength of the dorsal flexor in the exercise group was significantly higher than in the comparison group. 2) Objective balance for the exercise group was significantly better than for the comparison group as measured by 'standing on one foot' and Tinetti gait and balance control. 3) The exercise group showed significantly higher task self-efficacy than the comparison group. 4) Perceived exertion for ADL for the exercise group was significantly lower than for the comparison group. 5) Improvement of performance of ADL without assistance was significantly higher for the exercise group than the comparison group. The findings suggest that a low-intensity exercise program would be useful for the elderly who show decline in their physical functioning due to hospitalization by partly improving physical strength, task self-efficacy, and performance of ADL. Directions for further research on issues of motivating people to exercise as well as of standardizing various types of exercise were discussed.