• Title/Summary/Keyword: Road Mobile Emission

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Evaluation of exhaust emissions factor of agricultural tractors using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) (PEMS를 이용한 농업용 트랙터의 배기가스 배출계수 평가)

  • Wan-Soo Kim;Si-Eon Lee;Seung-Min Baek;Seung-Yun Baek;Hyeon-Ho Jeon;Taek-Jin Kim;Ryu-Gap Lim;Jang-Young Choi;Yong-Joo Kim
    • Journal of Drive and Control
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.15-24
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    • 2023
  • The aim of this study was to measure and evaluate the exhaust emission factors of agricultural tractors. Engine characteristics and three exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, PM) were collected under actual agricultural operating conditions. Experiments were performed on idling, driving, plow tillage, and rotary tillage. The load factor (LF) was calculated using the collected engine data, and the emission factor was analyzed using the LF and exhaust emissions. The engine characteristics and exhaust emissions were significantly different for each working condition, and in particular, the LF was significantly different from the currently applied 0.48 LF. The data distribution of exhaust emissions was different depending on the engine speed. In some conditions, the emission factor was higher than the exhaust emission standards. However, since most emission limit standards are values calculated using an engine dynamometer, even if the emission factor measured under actual working conditions is higher, it cannot be regarded as wrong. It is expected that the results of this study can be used for the inventory construction of a calculation for domestic agricultural machinery emissions in the future.

An Estimation of Emission Reduction Rates to Achieve the Target Air Quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (수도권 지역별 목표대기질 달성을 위한 오염배출 삭감율 산정 연구)

  • Kim, Jeongsoo;Kim, Jiyoung;Hong, Jihyung;Jung, Dongil;Ban, Soojin;Park, Sangnam
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to estimate the emission reduction rates for the regional allowable emissions by special measures to achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). A modeling system was designed to validate the details in enforcement regulations set up by local governments based on the current status and plans for air quality improvement. Modeling system was composed of meteorological model (MM5), emission model (SMOKE), and air quality model (CMAQ). Predicted results by this system show quiet well not only daily air pollutants concentration but also the tendencies of wind direction, wind speed and temperature. To achieve the target air quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), emission allowances are estimated by seasons and regions. Referring to the base year 2002, it was estimated that emission reduction rates to achieve the intermediate goal in 2007 were 14.2% and 16.6% for NOx and $PM_{10}$, respectively. It was also estimated that 52% of NOx and 48% of $PM_{10}$ reductions from the base year 2002 would be required to accomplish the air quality improvement goal of 22 ppb for $NO_2$, and $40mg/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$ in year 2014. To improve $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ concentration through emissions reduction policies, it was found that emissions reduction for the on-road mobile sources would be the most effective in SMA.

Trend and policy directions of primary carbonaceous aerosols in Seoul (서울의 일차탄소성분 입자 농도 변화 및 관리 방향)

  • Eunlak Choi;Ji Yi Lee;Yong Pyo Kim
    • Particle and aerosol research
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.13-24
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    • 2024
  • The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental carbon (EC) in particulate matter, typical primary aerosols have decreased in Seoul between 2003 and 2018 (80% for PAHs and 85% for EC). The yearly mean benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentration has been lower than 1 ng/m3 since 2010-2011, the target value set by the European Union (EU) and China. A series of policies related to solid fuel and vehicle in South Korea and China should be effective in the reduction of the ambient PAHs and EC concentrations. But the emission data of PAHs and EC at both countries did not support that hypothesis. Possible causes are uncertainties in the emission inventories of primary carbonaceous aerosols in South Korea and China, although there may be a minor effect of the emissions from North Korea on the concentrations in Seoul. Thus the further policy directions against PAHs and EC such as improvements of emissions inventories and measurements, intensive regulation of non-road mobile sources and control of PAHs derivatives are discussed.

On-road Investigation of PM Emissions according to Vehicle Fuels (Diesel, DME, and Bio-diesel) (Diesel, DME, Bio-diesel 연료가 실제 도로 주행 조건에서 입자상물질 배출에 미치는 영향 파악)

  • Lee, Seok-Hwan;Kim, Hong-Seok;Park, Jun-Hyuk;Cho, Gyu-Baek
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.88-97
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    • 2012
  • To measure the traffic pollutants with high temporal and spatial resolution under real conditions, a mobile emission laboratory (MEL) was designed. The equipment of the mini-van provides gas phase measurements of CO, NOx, CO2 and THC (Total hydrocarbon), and number density & size distribution measurements of fine and ultra-fine particles by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC). The inlet sampling port above the bumper enables the chasing of different type of vehicles. This paper introduces the technical details of the MEL and presents data from the experiment in which a MEL chases a city bus fuelled by diesel, DME and Bio-diesel. The dilution ratio was calculated by the ratio of ambient NOx and tail-pipe NOx. Most particles from the bus fuelled by diesel were counted under 300 nm and the peak concentration of the particles was located between 30 and 60 nm. However, most particles in the exhaust of the bus fuelled by DME were nano-particles (diameter: less than 50 nm). The bus fuelled by Bio-diesel shows less particle emissions compare to diesel bus due to the presence of the oxygen in the fuel.

Development and Application of Real-time Measurement System of Silt Loading for Estimating the Emission Factor of Resuspended Dust from Paved Road (포장도로 재비산먼지 배출계수 산정을 위한 silt loading의 실시간 측정시스템 개발과 적용)

  • Han, Se-Hyun;Won, Kyung-Ho;Jang, Ki-Won;Son, Young-Min;Kim, Jeong-Suk;Hong, Ji-Hyung;Jung, Yong-Won
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.596-611
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    • 2007
  • Resuspended dust from paved roads in Seoul and Incheon metropolitan areas is regarded as one of the major $PM_{10}$ sources in these areas, according to the recent emission estimates using the emission factors compiled in AP-42. It is well known that the AP-42 model for estimating $PM_{10}$ emissions from paved roads requires information on silt loadings of particular paved roads. The conventional AP-42 method (vacuum swept method) for road silt sampling, however, is expensive, time consuming, and dangerous. These drawbacks led us to develop a Mobile Dust Monitoring System (MDMS) capable of doing real time measurements of silt loading of paved roads, thereby we could get higher resolution silt loading data both in terms of time and space without too much human efforts and danger. In this study, for the real-time measurement of silt loading of paved roads, the principle used in the TRAKER method of U.S. Desert Research Institute was employed and the entire sampling systems including data acquisition system were designed for theses purpose and mounted on a SUV. The correlation between the silt loading measured by vacuum swept method and the speed corrected ${\Delta}Dust$ was derived for the vehicle-based silt loading measurements, and then the variations of silt loading on paved roads were surveyed using the MDMS in test routes of Seoul and Incheon. From the results of real-time measurements, temporal and spatial variations of silt loading data together with the existence of hot spots were observed for paved roads in Seoul and Incheon. The result of this study will be employed to estimate fugitive dust emissions from paved roads.

Korea Emissions Inventory Processing Using the US EPA's SMOKE System

  • Kim, Soon-Tae;Moon, Nan-Kyoung;Byun, Dae-Won W.
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.34-46
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    • 2008
  • Emissions inputs for use in air quality modeling of Korea were generated with the emissions inventory data from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), maintained under the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) database. Source Classification Codes (SCC) in the Korea emissions inventory were adapted to use with the U.S. EPA's Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) by finding the best-matching SMOKE default SCCs for the chemical speciation and temporal allocation. A set of 19 surrogate spatial allocation factors for South Korea were developed utilizing the Multi-scale Integrated Modeling System (MIMS) Spatial Allocator and Korean GIS databases. The mobile and area source emissions data, after temporal allocation, show typical sinusoidal diurnal variations with high peaks during daytime, while point source emissions show weak diurnal variations. The model-ready emissions are speciated for the carbon bond version 4 (CB-4) chemical mechanism. Volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions from painting related industries in area source category significantly contribute to TOL (Toluene) and XYL (Xylene) emissions. ETH (Ethylene) emissions are largely contributed from point industrial incineration facilities and various mobile sources. On the other hand, a large portion of OLE (Olefin) emissions are speciated from mobile sources in addition to those contributed by the polypropylene industry in point source. It was found that FORM (Formaldehyde) is mostly emitted from petroleum industry and heavy duty diesel vehicles. Chemical speciation of PM2.5 emissions shows that PEC (primary fine elemental carbon) and POA (primary fine organic aerosol) are the most abundant species from diesel and gasoline vehicles. To reduce uncertainties in processing the Korea emission inventory due to the mapping of Korean SCCs to those of U.S., it would be practical to develop and use domestic source profiles for the top 10 SCCs for area and point sources and top 5 SCCs for on-road mobile sources when VOC emissions from the sources are more than 90% of the total.

On-Road Investigation of PM Emissions of a City-Buses Fuelled by Diesel, CNG, and LPG Using a Mobile Emission Laboratory (이동형 배출가스 측정시스템(MEL)을 이용하여 디젤, CNG, LPG 시내버스에서 배출되는 입자상 물질 평가)

  • Lee, Seok-Hwan;Kim, Hong-Suk;Park, Jun-Hyuk;Yoon, Jun-Kyu
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.409-416
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    • 2011
  • A mobile emission laboratory (MEL) was designed to measure the amount of traffic pollutants with high temporal and spatial resolution under real conditions. Equipment for gas-phase measurements of quantity of CO, NOx, $CO_2$, and THC and for the measurement of the number density and size distribution of fine and ultra-fine particles by a FMPS and a CPC were placed in a mini-van. The exhaust of different type of vehicles can be sampled by MEL. This paper describes the construction and technical details of the MEL and presents data from the experiment in which a car chases city buses fuelled by diesel, CNG, and LPG. The diameters of most particles in the exhaust of the diesel city bus were less than 300 nm and most of the particles had a diameter of 30-60 nm. However, most particles in the exhaust of the CNG and LPG city buses were nanoparticles (diameter: less than 50 nm).

Estimation of Link-Based Traffic-Related Air Pollutant Emissions and the Exposure Intensity on Pedestrian Near Busy Streets (유동인구 밀집지역 인근의 도로구간별 배출량 산정 및 보행자 노출 강도 평가)

  • Lee, Sangeun;Shin, Myunghwan;Lee, Seokjoo;Hong, Dahee;Jang, Dongik;Keel, Jihoon;Jung, Taekho;Lee, Taewoo;Hong, Youdeog
    • Journal of ILASS-Korea
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.81-89
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    • 2018
  • The objective of this study is to estimate the level of exposure of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) on the pedestrians in Seoul area. The road network's link-based pollutant emission was calculated by using a set of mobile source emission factor package and associated activity information. The population information, which is the number of pedestrian, was analyzed in conjunction with the link-based traffic emissions in order to quantify exposure level by selected 23 spots. We proposed the Exposure Intensity, which is defined by the amount of traffic emission and the population, to quantify the probability of exposure of pedestrian. Link-based traffic NOx and PM emissions vary by up to four times depending on the location of each spot. The Hot-spots is estimated to be around 1.8 times higher Exposure Intensity than the average of the 23 selected spots. The information of Exposure Intensity of each spot allows us to develop localized policies for air quality and health. Even in the same area, the Exposure Intensity over time also shows a large fluctuation, which gives suggestions for establishing site-specific counter-measures.

Mobile Source Emissions Estimates for Intra-zonal Travel Using Space Syntax Analysis (공간 구문론을 이용한 존내 자동차 배출량 추정 모형)

  • LEE, Kyu Jin;CHOI, Keechoo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.107-122
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to develop a framework to estimate mobile source emissions with the macroscopic travel demand model including enhanced estimates of intra-zonal travel emissions using Space Syntax analysis. It is acknowledged that "the land-use and transportation interaction model explains the influence of urban structure on accessibility and mobility pattern". Based upon this theory, the estimation model of intra-zonal travel emissions is presented with the models of total travel distance, total travel demand, and average travel speed of intra-zonal trips. Thess statistical models include several spatial indices derived from the Space Syntax analysis. It explains that urban spatial structure is a critical factor for intra-zonal travel emissions, which is lower in compact zone with smaller portion of land area, lower sprawl indicator, and more grid-type of road network. Also the suggested framework is applied in the evaluation of the effectiveness of bicycle lane project in Suwon, Korea. The estimated emissions including intra-zonal travel is as double as the results only with inter-zonal demands, which shows better performance of the suggested framework for more realistic outcomes. This framework is applicable to the estimation of mobile source emissions in nation-wide and the assessment of transportation-environment policies in regional level.

Effect of Precipitation on Air Pollutant Concentration in Seoul, Korea

  • Kim, Suhyang;Hong, Ki-Ho;Jun, Hwandon;Park, Young-Jae;Park, Moojong;Sunwoo, Young
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.202-211
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    • 2014
  • In this study, long-term rainfall data with irregular spatial distribution in Seoul, Korea, were separated into individual precipitation events by the inter-event time definition of 6 hours. Precipitation washout of $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$ concentrations in the air considering various complex factors were analyzed quantitatively. Concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$ in the atmosphere were lower under condition of rainfall compared to that of non-precipitation, and a noticeable difference in average $PM_{10}$ concentrations was observed. The reduction of concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$ by rainfall monitored at road-side air monitoring sites was also lower than that of urban air monitoring sites due to continuous pollutant emissions by transportation sources. Meanwhile, a relatively smaller reduction of average $PM_{10}$ concentration in the atmosphere was observed under conditions of light rainfall below 1 mm, presumably because the impact of pollutant emission was higher than that of precipitation scavenging effect, whereas an obvious reduction of pollutants was shown under conditions of rainfall greater than 1 mm. A log-shaped regression equation was most suitable for the expression of pollutant reduction by precipitation amount. In urban areas, a lower correlation between precipitation and reduction of $NO_2$ concentration was also observed due to the mobile emission effect.