• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-65
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• 1983

As a part of the epidemiological studies of clonorchiasis, this study was conducted to evaluate the current endemicity and the natural transition of the Clonorchis infection in Gimhae Gun and delta area a high endemic area in Korea in recent years, prior to the introduction of praziquantel which will eventually influence the status of the prevalence. The data obtained in this study in 1983 were evaluated for natural transition of the infection in comparison with those obtained 16 years ago in 1967 by the author(Kim, 1974). The areas of investigation, villages and schools surveyed, methods and techniques used in this study were the same as in 1967, except for the contents of the questionnaire for raw freshwater fish consumption by the local inhabitants. 1) The prevalence rate of clonorchiasis in the general population of the villages was 48.1% on the average out of a total of 484 persons examined. The average of those of the riverside-delta area was 65.2% and 43.0% in the inland area. Among the schoolchildren, the prevalence rate was 8.2% on the average out of a total of 1,423 examined. By area, the prevalence rate was 10.8% in the riverside delta area and 2.8% in the inland area. By sex, difference in the prevalence was seen only in the inhabitants of the inland area showing 52.4% in the male and 33.5% in the female. 2) In the natural transition of the infection, the prevalence rate among the inhabitants has decreased from 68.8% in 1967 to 48.1% in 1983, and in the schoolchildren from 56.4% in 1967 to 8.2% in 1983. The reduction rate was higher in the riverside-delta area than in the inland area. 3) In the prevalence rate by age, 11.9% was first seen in the 5-9 age group and the rate gradually increased up to 75.0% in the 50-59 age group. By sex, the rate was higher in the male than in the female in the 20-29 age group and over. 4) In the natural transition of the prevalence rate by age, the reduction rate of the infection during the past 16 years was greater in the younger age groups up to the 40-49 age group and reached the same level in the age group 50-59. Reduction was seen again in the age group over 60s. By sex, the reduction rate was greater in the female than in the male in the 20-29 age group and over. By area, the reduction rate was greater in the riverside delta area than in the inland area, particularly in the young age groups. 5) In the intensity of the infection among the cases, the mean egg out-put per mg feces per infected cases(EPmg) in the inhabitants was 6.3. EPmg of those of the river-side-delta area was 15.4 and that of the in-land was 2.8. On the other hand, in the schoolchildren, EPmg was 3.2, and no difference was seen between the two areas, the river-side-delta area and the inland area. 6) In the transition of the intensity of the infection by area, EPmg among the inhabitants inexplically increased from 7.8 in 1967 to 15.4 in 1983. This was probably caused by uneven specimen collection in the process of sampling the population. EPmg of the inhabitants in the inland area and those of the schoolchildren of both riverside delta and inland areas showed a similar decrease in the past 16 years. 7) The intensity of the infection by age showed a relatively low level in the 20-29 age group and below, and EPmg 5.1-9.5 was seen in the 30-39 age group and over. Sex, Epmg was 5.8 in the male and 4.7 the female. By in 8) In the transition of the intensity of the infection, EPmg decreased from 6.2 in 1967 to 5.4 in 1983. By age, in contrast to the figures of 1967 in which EPmg gradually increased with some fluctuation from 1.1 in the 0-4 age group to peak 10.5 in the 50-59 age group, in 1983 lower intensity of the infection was seen in the age group from 10-14 to 20-29 with the EPmg range of 0.6-2.7. 9) In the distribution of the clonorchiasis cases by the range of EPmg value, 43.2% of the cases were in 0.1 0.9 and 34.6% in 1.0-4.9. As a whole by cumulative percent, 44.6% of them were under 0.9 as light infection and 86.1% of them under 9.9 up to moderate infection. By sex, no difference was seen in Epmg. 10) In the transition of the distribution by the range of Epmg, the cases were distributed up to the range 80.0-99.9 in 1967 and to 60.0-79.9 in 1983. By cumulative percent, in the range of 0.1-0.9 and less, light infection, 34.3% of them were distributed in 1967 and 44.6% in 1983 with about 10% increase. In the range of 5.0-9.9 and less, up to moderate infection, 83.2% in 1967 and 86.1% in 1983 of the cases were seen, respectively. 11) The practice of raw freshwater fish consumption among the inhabitants seems to have decreased in recent years. Those who admitted to raw freshwater fish consumption in the last two years among the infected inhabitants were 59.3%, although 86.8% of them professed to have experience with raw freshwater fish consumption. 31.7% of those who have had experience of the raw freshwater fish consumption denied any further consumption in recent years. From an interview of 543 school-children, 24.1% of them admitted to an experience of raw freshwater fish consumption. However, those who have practised in the past two years comprized 17.9%. Those who denied raw freshwater fish consumption in recent years among those who had such experience were 26.0% out of 131 interviewed. The rate of raw freshwater fish consumption in both inhabitants and schoolchildren were higher in the male than in the female. On the contrary, the rate of those who did not practise in recent years among those who had experience of raw freshwater fish consumption was higher in the female than in the male. 12) The major reason for the reduction of raw freshwater fish consumption among the local inhabitants was the risk of the fluke infection. However, it has become apparent that such change of taste has resulted from water pollution impact which has affected throughout the areas of the freshwater systems in this locality since last several years. 13) In animal survey, Clonorchis infection was seen in 14.8% of 88 dogs examined and 3.7% of 27 house rats examined. It was noted that populations of dogs and cats have increased in the villages surveyed. Although the prevalence rate was lower in the present survey than those of 1967, the significance of the animals as the reservoir host has not changed. 14) Prevalence rate of Clonorchis infection by cercariae in the first intermediate host, Parafossarulus manchouricus, was 0.6% out of 517 snails examined. The infection rate was lower in comparison with 2.3% out of 2,124 examined in 1967. Moreover, sharp decreases in number and distribution of the intermediate host snails in many watershed areas of the huge freshwater systems in this locality seemed to reduce transmission of Clonorchis in connection with the intermediate host stage of its life cycle. 15) Clonorchis infection in the second intermediate fish hosts was relatively low. The mean number of Clonorchis metacercaria per fish in Pseudorasbora parva was 517 in 1983, whereas it was 1943 in 1968 through 1969. Environmental water pollution has also caused the decreased fish population density in these areas, and this has also apparently affected to the practice of raw freshwater fish consumption among the local inhabitants. 16) In conclusion, endemicity of Clonorchis infection in Gimhae Gum and delta area of the Nagdong River has sharply decreased during the past 16 years. The major cause of the regressive transition of the infection was the water pollution of the land water systems of this locality. The pollution has upset the ecosystems comprizing of the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis in many areas, and also affected to a significant extent to the discontinuance of the local inhabitants for raw freshwater fish consumption.

• 한국농촌간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the prevalence and related factors of Clonorchis Sinensis for inhabitants of the Han riverside area and to identify knowledge related to Clonorchis Sinensis and intended behavioral changes to decrease risk of infection. Method: The data were collected from December 16, 2008 to January 10, 2009. Participants were 555 people who responded to a questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, $X^2$-test, and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of Clonorchis Sinensis was 7.9% in this population. Related factors for Clonorchis Sinensis were gender (male=10.8%, female=3.6%, p=0.002) and smoking (p=0.007). but habits related to ingestion of alcohol and raw fish were not significant. As for knowledge of Clonorchis Sinensis, the Clonorchiasis group had a mean score of 10.09 $({\pm}3.95)$ of a possible 17 compared to a score of only 8.27$({\pm}4.60)$ for the negative group (p=0.011). The intended behavioral change related to risk of infection, according to presence of infection or not, was significant (p=0.004). Conclusion: These results suggest that Clonorchiasis is still highly endemic in all risk areas such as the Han riverside, indicating that it is necessary to set up effective management programs for patient care and prevention of Clonorchis Sinensis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2001

Covering an area of about 39 ha, Qingming Shanghe Park is located in the northwest of Kaifeng, formerly the capital of seven dynasties in China. It is intended to serve as a tourist attraction based on a painting 〃Qingming Festival at Riverside〃 by Zhang Zeduan of the Northern song Dynasty, which vividly illustrates a real life on the both sides of the Bian River as well as in the urban area, Kaifeng, in early Spring. The park is a collection of varied buildings such as shops, restaurants, tea-houses, theaters, and hotels in the North song style, with an introduction of the history of Kaifeng, this paper examines design philosophy and methodology of the park, and discusses the creative design of the first stage development known as known as The South Area of the park. Marked by the Rainbow Bridge and the City Gate, the South Area is divided into three parts, the rural, suburban, and urban parts which are organized according to the spatial order showed in the painting. The South Area proves to be very successful because of its amazing sense of history and interesting folk performance. Furthermore, the preliminary 9planning of the second stage development known as The North Area is presented with references to culture, history and customs. The North Area is proposed to include the Old Sports & Games Garden, the Exhibition Garden, and the Hot Spring Garden with an appearance of the imperial gardens in the Northern Song, integrated with participation of old sports and games, display of old science & technology achievements, and enjoyment of hot spring bath.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.764-767
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• 2006

It can be important framework data to monitor the change of land-use pattern of river boundary in design and management of river. This study analyzed the change of land-use pattern of Gab- and Yudeung River using time-series aerial images. To do this, we carried out radiation and geometric correction of image, and estimated land-use changes in inland and floodplain. As the analysis of inland, the ratio of residential, commercial, industrial, educational and public area, that is urbanized element, increases, but that of agricultural area shows a decline on the basis of 1990. Also, Minimum Distance Method, which is a kind of supervised classification method, is applied to extract water-body and sand bar layer in floodplain. As the analysis of land-use, the ratio of level-upped riverside land and water-body increases, but that of sand bar decreases. These time-series land use information can be important decision making data to evaluate the urbanization of river boundary, and especially it gives us goodness in river development project such as the composition of ecological habitat.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual condition of the road station in japan. The thorough investigation and observation works were made from the view points of the location and service facilities of the road station in kanto area. This article discusses about the basic characteristics of the road stations and actual condition of service facilities of 126 road stations in kanto area. The results of this study are summarized as follows; The main patterns of the site by locational conditions are classified in five types. Those are mountain district type, traffic point type, urban district type, riverside type and seaside type. In planning of road stations, locational condition and regional difference of public facilities are crucial factors.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The drainage area of the Miho stream is composed of granitic basins, gneissic and sedimentary mountains. 80 percent of the Miho stream flows through the Jincheon basin and the Cheongju inner-plain within the Daebo granite belt. Because the deep weathering of granitic hills provides a large amount of sands to the streams, there are wide floodplains with thick alluvium developed in the basin and plain. The thickness of the alluvium is 5~10m and the width of the floodplains is 2~2.5km. In the basin outlet area where a stream passes through the mountain canyon, wide floodplains and deep alluvium are developed in other riverside. The Miho stream is a sand-gravel channel flowing through the Cheongju inner-plain with wide floodplains and deep alluvium formed by deep weathering of granite.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.45-61
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• 1988

Clonorchiasis should be realized as an important public health problems in Korea by their wide distribution, high prevalence rate and heavy infection intensity. This study was designed to obtain the infection rate, contributing factors as well as the behavior of infected persons among the factory workers in Pohang area where that parasite still remains as a problem. Study was undertaken from September '86 to October '87. Clonorchiasis skin test was performed for 3180 factory workers, and stools of skin test positive reactors were examined. Praziquantel was prescribed to stool examination positive persons for clonorchis sinensis ova. After one year. stool examination was repeated for them who received medicine. At the same time. a structured questionnaire was given and the results were analyzed and compared with control group. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis. 1) Clonorchiassis skin test positive rate was $26.2\%$ (834/3180). 2) Stool(Clonorchis sinensis ova) positive rate among skin test positive reactors was $21.6\%$ (129/598) All 129 infected persons were male. 2. Contributing factors of Clonorchis sinensis infection. 1) The chance of infection was higher in low-educated peple(p<0.01) 2) Stool(Clonorchis sinensis ova)positive rate was higher among the persons who reside near the riverside now(p<0.01), or among the persons who long history of riverside residence(p<0.01) 3) The infection rate was higher in thoes who like sliced raw fresh water fishes than in those who like cooked fishes(p<0.05). 4) Correct answering rate for questions about the cause and route of Clonorchis sinensis infection was low in infected persons. 5) The infection rate was lower among those who had experience of previous clonorchiasis test(p<0.01). 6) Family members of infected persons show higher rates of infection(p <0.01). 3. Treatment effect and compliance of infected person to treatment. 1) After one year, negative stool conversion rate was $85.4\%$. 2) $70.8\%$ of infected persons took the medicine; Only $3.1\%$ of them consulted to physician to know the medication effect; As many as $29.4\%$ of them continued to consume raw fresh water fishes. As a conclusion, City of Pohang area, Hyung San River in the center, is an endemic area of clonorchiasis. Current clonorchiasis control system seemed to be ineffective; many of the skin test positive group did not submitted their stool for examination; only $70.8\%$ of infected persons took the medicine even though the drugs were given free of charge; $29.4\%$ continued to consume raw fresh water fishes after taking medicine. Therefore. proper education program should be provided to improve the compliance to treatment. Follow-up for infected cases is mandatory to prevent waste of restricted budget.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2012

별서는 세속을 피하고 은둔전원생활을 위해 수려한 자연경관을 활용하여 다양한 장소에 입지하였다. 본 연구는 경상남도와 전라도 지역 별서의 입지유형을 분류하여 그 특성을 파악하기 위해 먼저, 경상남도 52개소 전라도 44개소 총 96개소 별서의 복합적인 입지특성을 조사하고, 다음으로 별서의 입지유형을 분류하기 위해 입지특성을 유사한 성격을 가진 몇 개의 군집으로 집단화하는 군집분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 경상남도와 전라도의 입지유형이 각각 5개의 유형으로 분류되었으며, 경상남도는 '산계형', '절벽형'이, 전라도는 '평지형', '강변 구상형'이 각기 다른 유형으로 '구상형'과 '곡강형', '강변 기타형'은 공통된 유형으로 나타났다. 그 가운데 경상남도는 절벽형이 30.8%, 산계형이 15.4%로 전체의 46.2%가 '강가의 절벽'이나 '산계'에 입지하고 있어 가장 대표적인 입지 특성으로 나타났으며, 경상남도와 달리 전라도는 평지가 18.2%, 강변 구상형이 18.2%, 구상형이 38.6%로 전체의 75.0%가 '평지'나 '강가의 언덕 위' 또는 '언덕 위'에 입지하고 있어 전라도 지역의 대표적인 입지 특성으로 나타났다. 이러한 입지특성은 지역의 지형적 특성을 고려하여 자연스럽게 주변의 자연경관을 활용하여 입지함을 알 수 있다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2010

Investigations on the inundation damage and improvement measures were carried out centering around the protected horticultural complex concentrated in lowlands on the side of Geum river, in Nonsan and Buyeo, Chungnam. Most greenhouses were single-span plastic houses in this area, and tomato, strawberry and watermelon were cultivated mainly. 45.8 % of whole farmhouse were experienced in damage by inundation, and a frequency of the damage was average once in 11 years. The most urgent problem at the greenhouse culture in this area was showed in order of drainage improvement, irrigation water resources and energy saving. Consideration items in drainage improvement project for protected horticulture were showed in order of extending drain pumps, extending drain canals, using concrete flume in drain ditch. It needs to consider systematic plans that can restrain new establishment of greenhouses on the lowland paddy field in drainage area. It is difficult to remove greenhouses which are already established or prohibit cultivation. Therefore we should impose minimum duty items so that greenhouse tillers can cope with inundation. And it is thought that managing agency need to minimize farmers damage by improving drainage ability and introducing maintenance pattern that is different from rice cropping.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

This study analyzed the impact of greenhouse cultivation area and groundwater level changes due to the water curtain cultivation in the greenhouse complexes. The groundwater observation data in the Miryang study area were used and classified into greenhouse and field cultivation areas to compare the groundwater impact of water curtain cultivation in the greenhouse complex. We identified the characteristics of the groundwater time series data by the terrain of the study area and selected the optimal model through time series analysis. We analyzed the time series data for each terrain's two representative groundwater observation wells. The Seasonal ARIMA model was chosen as the optimal model for riverside well, and for plain and mountain well, the ARIMA model and Seasonal ARIMA model were selected as the optimal model. A suitable prediction model is not limited to one model due to a change in a groundwater level fluctuation pattern caused by a surrounding environment change but may change over time. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically check and revise the optimal model rather than continuously applying one selected ARIMA model. Groundwater forecasting results through time series analysis can be used for sustainable groundwater resource management.